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How To Deploy a Hugo Site to Production with Git Hooks on Ubuntu 14.04

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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><u><i>Deploy a Hugo Site to Production with Git Hooks on Ubuntu</i></u></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Hugo is an open source static site generator. Static site generators build a web page the moment you’re creating or editing new content. It comes with a watch mode which automatically refreshes web pages when editing them. Hugo was started as a side project by Steve Francia and today its community has more than 165 contributions, 35 themes and thousands of users. The biggest advantage of using static is that the websites are incredibly fast especially when compared to sites that carry all the burden of a heavyweight content management system.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVj0jjZ5vB5_gji1LGruqcLJmNWshZ8sPw6nrMR7b1zLRvB8VLjqXA_VVwViOdyoDkReYoJPrClZUFhpQPdGhCcmAAAGFKNCzsyFb8cKwt4RK7wVWjFU0g4K0uzPcg6WoDLmAvb1SrEtGR/s1600/hugo_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVj0jjZ5vB5_gji1LGruqcLJmNWshZ8sPw6nrMR7b1zLRvB8VLjqXA_VVwViOdyoDkReYoJPrClZUFhpQPdGhCcmAAAGFKNCzsyFb8cKwt4RK7wVWjFU0g4K0uzPcg6WoDLmAvb1SrEtGR/s1600/hugo_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Pre-requisites</u></span></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to deploy Hugo site on production, you must first setup your development server with Hugo on <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/ubuntu-14.04" target="_blank">Ubuntu 14.04</a>. Then build a new production server with <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu</a> 14.04 installed. Once you have access to both development and production servers, perform the following tasks to achieve your target deployment on Hugo Site with Git Hooks.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">SSH Key Authentication</span></u></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">First of all we are going to setup a <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/SSH" target="_blank">SSH </a>key authentication between development server (on which we have already installed Hugo) and the product server on which we will be setting up the production site with <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/git" target="_blank">Git Hooks</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Let’s run the command below to check if there’s already a key pair placed or not.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ ls ~/.ssh/id_rsa</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If it shows no such file on directory, run the command below to generate a new ssh key.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ ssh-keygen</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Choose the file where you wish to save the key other than the default location. Then use the command below to copy this key to your production server.</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ ssh-copy-id ubuntu@production_server_ip </span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After providing the right user credentials you will see the following output.</span></span></div>
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<code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">Number of key(s) added: 1</code></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now try logging into the machine, with:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />“ssh ‘ubuntu@12.23.55.21′”<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Let’s run the command on your production server from the development server.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ ssh ubuntu@162.253.55.241 hostname</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Initial Git Repo Transfer</span></u></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to setup the ‘post-receive’ hook on the production server in the near future, we need to transfer an initial clone of our Hugo repository to the production server. To do this, first we will create a bare repository from our main Hugo repository in the ‘/tmp’ directory. Bare repository is a special ‘git’ repository with no working directory. So, to create this copy we will use the ‘git clone’ command using the ‘–enable’ option as shown.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ git clone --bare ~/hugo_web /tmp/hugo_web.git </span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Then copy this bare repo to the home directory of your Production server user using the command as shown below.</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ scp -r /tmp/hugo_web.git ubuntu@prod-server_ip:</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Adding Git Remote For Production</span></u></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Let’s add the git to the remote production server as a tracked remote repository using its bare repo. This will allow us to push new content to our production server easily.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now change your directory to Hugo website and then run the command to give name to the remote as ‘prod’ and specify the connection information and location to the bare repository on the remote system.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~$ cd hugo_web/</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web$ git remote add prod ubuntu@prod_server_ip:hugo_web.git</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Setup Production Server</span></u></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">So far we have successfully configured our development server, now we are going to setup our production server by following some steps to install a few basic packages. Hugo installation then will create ‘post-receive’ script to deploy new content pushed to our repository.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Installing Packages on Production Server</span></u></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We need to install Git, Pygments and <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/NGINX" target="_blank">Nginx </a>server packages on our production server. The ‘Git’ software will be used to receive pushes and to execute our deployment script. Then we need to install ‘Pygments’ for syntaxt highlighting and ‘<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/NGINX" target="_blank">Nginx</a>’ as the web server that will make your contents available for the visitors.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Let’s run the following command to update your Ubuntu server with the latest updates and patches.</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo apt-get update</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Then run this command to install ‘git’, ‘nginx’ and ‘python-pip’ packages.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo apt-get install git nginx python-pip</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Press ‘Y’ key to proceed with the installation process. Once these packages are installed, execute the command below to install Pygments using ‘pip’ command.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The pakages have been installed. Now we can test if we have setup the remote repository correctly on our pre-prod development machine using the following command in the Hugo project directory.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web$ git ls-remote prod</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Installing Hugo on Production</u></span></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Run the following command to download the latest hugo package and then install using ‘<b>dpkg</b>’ command as shown in the image.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ wget https://github.com/spf13/hugo/releases/download/v0.15/hugo_0.15_amd64.deb</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo dpkg -i hugo_0.15_amd64.deb</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For confirmation run the command below to check the version of your Hugo installation.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now clone Hugo themes directly from Github into your home directory by executing the command below.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ git clone --recursive https://github.com/spf13/hugoThemes ~/themes</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Nginx Configuration to Serve Production Files</span></u></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Here we will be configuring the Nginx <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Linux-Server" target="_blank">web server</a> to serve the files produced during the deployment. To do so we will create a new directory in our user’s home and then configure the default configuration file of Nginx to make a few adjustments.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ mkdir ~/public_html</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/default</span></pre>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9SIKfpXV6bLg_JroksDY1_yuyspJjZZbF6IvGI3L-48kGc4DHAwBbWzYoGxTnPcXiFeuOJhWaaQjWg0VQaXWm0DPrsNRZHs3bKi2GGkI1wpNmlD-3d-ru7luYj0IDacnSzQKQhPZZwVR/s1600/hugo_configuration_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9SIKfpXV6bLg_JroksDY1_yuyspJjZZbF6IvGI3L-48kGc4DHAwBbWzYoGxTnPcXiFeuOJhWaaQjWg0VQaXWm0DPrsNRZHs3bKi2GGkI1wpNmlD-3d-ru7luYj0IDacnSzQKQhPZZwVR/s1600/hugo_configuration_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Make sure that you have changed the document root path and server name according to your server IP address or domain name.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Then restart Nginx services, so that the changes will be applied.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo service nginx restart</span></pre>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Creating Post-Receive Hook to Deploy Hugo Site</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In this step we will be ready to work on post-receive hook deployment scripts by creating a new file in the ‘hooks’ directory present in the bare directory of our production server.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Change your directory to the ‘hooks’ and create a new file and put the following contents in it as shown below.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd hugo_web.git/hooks/
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web.git/hooks$ vim post-receive

GIT_REPO=$HOME/hugo_web.git
WORKING_DIRECTORY=$HOME/hugo_web-working
PUBLIC_WWW=$HOME/public_html
BACKUP_WWW=$HOME/backup_html
MY_DOMAIN=162.253.55.241

set -e

rm -rf $WORKING_DIRECTORY
rsync -aqz $PUBLIC_WWW/ $BACKUP_WWW
trap "echo 'An issue has been occurred.  Reverting to backup.'; rsync -aqz --del $BACKUP_WWW/ $PUBLIC_WWW; rm -rf $WORKING_DIRECTORY" EXIT

git clone $GIT_REPO $WORKING_DIRECTORY
rm -rf $PUBLIC_WWW/*
/usr/bin/hugo -s $WORKING_DIRECTORY -d $PUBLIC_WWW -b "http://${MY_DOMAIN}"
rm -rf $WORKING_DIRECTORY
trap – EXIT</code></span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In this file, after indicating the bash script, we have setup the ‘git_repo’ to our bare repository. Then, mention the ‘Working_Directory’ to clone this bare repository, while the ‘<b>Public_www</b>’ variable and backup web folder will be kept accessible through the ‘<b>Backup_www</b>’ variable.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One thing that you should keep in mind is to change ‘My_Domain’ parameter with your production server’s IP. In the second part of the script, use a bash command, ‘set -e’ to exit immediately in case of any error.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the last part of our script we have used the ‘trap’ command, so that in case of deployment failure the trap command will restore our backup copy to the web document root directory.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW24K7bWVwmrWS4uW2gMlADMNQIiWuO4Ff3sRhzr8ekMChQf9kAh22eyeTybzzgMjvrFQO-IwnJmS9HaVOPcSnkBXbLvEFB5V6rwqPP5W3L8iECG_hm-v84PhSa6sjFudLTDUY6lLJ-8GO/s1600/Post-Receive-Hook-to-Deploy-Hugo-Site_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW24K7bWVwmrWS4uW2gMlADMNQIiWuO4Ff3sRhzr8ekMChQf9kAh22eyeTybzzgMjvrFQO-IwnJmS9HaVOPcSnkBXbLvEFB5V6rwqPP5W3L8iECG_hm-v84PhSa6sjFudLTDUY6lLJ-8GO/s1600/Post-Receive-Hook-to-Deploy-Hugo-Site_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After completing the file configuration, use below command to give it executable permissions.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web.git/hooks$ chmod +x post-receive</span></pre>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Testing Deployment System</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This is the last step to test our production deployment system after completing the configurations. To do so, simply execute the bash script that we created in the previous step.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web.git/hooks$ bash post-receive</span>

<code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cloning into '/home/ubuntu/hugo_web-working'...
done.
0 of 2 drafts rendered
0 future content
2 pages created
0 paginator pages created
0 tags created
0 categories created
in 17 ms</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now you can open your web browser by giving the IP or FQDN of your production server to see the same contents you have configured in your pre-prod server.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If you wish to add some more content, go back to your development server and run the command below to add a new post.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web$ hugo new post/Testing-Deployment.md</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A new file will be opened in your default editor, so put some new contents and close the file after saving the changes. Then run the following commands to add the contents to git and commit the changes.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">root@ubuntu:~/hugo_web$ git add .</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">root@ubuntu:~/hugo_web$ git commit -m 'Deployment test'</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now run the following command to deploy the new contents on the pre-prod to the production server.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">root@ubuntu</span>:~/hugo_web$ git push prod master</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now visit your production server’s IP address in your web browser. You will be glad to see your new content in your web browser.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/" target="_blank">www.hackthesec.co.in</a><br /><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/" target="_blank">Hackthesec</a></div>
</div>
</div>

How To Deploy a Hugo Site to Production with Git Hooks on Ubuntu 14.04

Deploy a Hugo Site to Production with Git Hooks on Ubuntu Hugo is an open source static site generator. Static site generators build a w...

How to configure HTTP authentication with Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04

<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">/usr/bin/htpasswd</span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now, we can proceed with the creation of our `<b>.htpasswd</b>` file which will contain the information about the username and the password.</span></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Creating User and Password</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here we will create a `<b>.htpasswd</b>` file under the document root directory of our virtual host or website being served by Nginx. Let’s run the following command that will create the file and add the user with an encrypted password.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: large;">root@ubuntu-14:~# htpasswd -c /etc/nginx/.htpasswd testuser</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVW17xmzge_IJln7Rlctu5l5kT3iFkzkj5WhD2SoDbs7uWGnQaK2PAc1MgVNKgxtE5eWCDNDDiKMQo66q4t5yx2X2pAhe9nHPSS1vi6xHfEp6KE-IPnKMiG_gN9JZFYH5DV7xBxXSdnkSN/s1600/htpasswd_creation_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVW17xmzge_IJln7Rlctu5l5kT3iFkzkj5WhD2SoDbs7uWGnQaK2PAc1MgVNKgxtE5eWCDNDDiKMQo66q4t5yx2X2pAhe9nHPSS1vi6xHfEp6KE-IPnKMiG_gN9JZFYH5DV7xBxXSdnkSN/s1600/htpasswd_creation_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the above command we can describe the used parameters where `<b>/etc/nginx/</b>` is the directory that we want to set for the authentication while `testuser` is the new user name that will be used for authentication purposes. So after executing the command, it will ask for the new password to set for the new user and that’s it! We’re done with the new user setup for our web directory.</span></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Nginx Configurations Update</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now we will modify the Nginx configuration file to use the .htpasswd file. In our case, we will be using our virtual host’s Nginx configuration file located in `<b>/etc/nginx/sites-available/</b>` directory. Make sure that you are using the right configuration file as your domain config may have a different name.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Let’s open the virtual host conf file using any editor you are comfortable with.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: large;">root@ubuntu-14:~# vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/test.com</span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Press `i` for insertion mode and add the following two lines as required under the servers section.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">auth_basic "Username and Password required";</span>

<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.htpasswd;</span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Press `<b>Esc</b>` key and type `<b>:wq!</b>` to save the changes in the configuration file of your virtual hosts file.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4PHxeW48OBrfVbBBKGiuBjj9PDz_Fp_wS5iY5d5nRAtwmZqpzLTGDWz55hzt9Ar1qI7ZLKcG_oNIK-Zksu0M809U0IPOnyREdkXiUl34VwgczgI983sR2gA2op-jqv4DQtgoRUliELO9x/s1600/htpasswd_setup-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4PHxeW48OBrfVbBBKGiuBjj9PDz_Fp_wS5iY5d5nRAtwmZqpzLTGDWz55hzt9Ar1qI7ZLKcG_oNIK-Zksu0M809U0IPOnyREdkXiUl34VwgczgI983sR2gA2op-jqv4DQtgoRUliELO9x/s1600/htpasswd_setup-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The first line defines the text that we will see in the login box when we access the folder using a web browser and the second one contains the path to our `.htpasswd` file where the username and the password is stored.</span></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Restart Nginx</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now, to implement the changes on our test virtual host, reload or restart the nginx services and access the domain that has been secured using Basic HTTP Authentication.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">root@ubuntu-14:~# service nginx restart</span>

<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">* Restarting nginx nginx</span></span></pre>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Secure Web Access</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Access your website by providing your configured domain name or IP address or the domain path that you have secured and you will notice a browser prompt to enter the login and password as shown below. After providing the preconfigured username and password you will be able to see your web page.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-size: large;">http://your_domain_name/</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnw_iB7zYNdR3MadSQPQwagLL1-35s8mRghIO4TTMaFI24FGHgOaCKiVcHrxoLM5QHX4JmiZ_N2p-0qDsq4vCdcmsFn3kPkY1qj8zouYkOGrORj2dAkf3xpsGXgAdt3d5BY1IMyPX62Yxd/s1600/login_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnw_iB7zYNdR3MadSQPQwagLL1-35s8mRghIO4TTMaFI24FGHgOaCKiVcHrxoLM5QHX4JmiZ_N2p-0qDsq4vCdcmsFn3kPkY1qj8zouYkOGrORj2dAkf3xpsGXgAdt3d5BY1IMyPX62Yxd/s1600/login_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></div>
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How to configure HTTP authentication with Nginx on Ubuntu 14.04

HTTP authentication with Nginx on Ubuntu HTTP supports the use of several authentication mechanisms to control access to pages and other...

How to protect your SSH server with Fail2Ban on Ubuntu

enabled  = true
port     = ssh
filter   = sshd
logpath  = /var/log/auth.log
maxretry = 4</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This section makes <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/SSH_Security" target="_blank">SSH monitoring active</a>, it listens on the SSH port for the ssh dameon, using the log file location <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><b>/var/log/auth.log</b></code> and bans the IP address of the user that will have 4 failed login attempts.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After all settings are made, we need to restart fail2ban and it will start monitoring the log files according to our settings, you can also check which rules are currently applied with the following <b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">iptables</code> </b>command.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Fail2ban is one of the most widely used applications when it comes to server security. It is very simple and effective, so you shouldn’t think twice in order to decide to install it on your server. It is a must have application.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div>
</div>
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How to protect your SSH server with Fail2Ban on Ubuntu

Protect your SSH server with Fail2Ban on Ubuntu The most suitable application for this purpose is Fail2ban . It is an intrusion prevent...

How to add extra swap space on CentOS 6.X

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;">
<u><span style="color: #cc0000;"><i>Add extra swap space on CentOS 6</i></span></u></h1>
<div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS 6</a> swap space or simply swap is something that is used by the operating system when the system requires more memory that the physical memory installed on the server. In that case, the operating system is using parts from the hard drives as if they were physical memory.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This sounds very good, but the only downside of this is that the hard drives are significantly slower than the RAM memory, so this will decrease the server performance in general. However, having enough memory available is very important for our server to be stable and run smooth so we should always have swap space available on our <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Linux" target="_blank">Linux server</a>.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvEtcfVC9fMunMiogW1lsdzjqDfRqWAo1enWZwC59mjf2a9nE0dHKC_1qe7QnLfkuGcGNZHnTq3_7jM288HkH_gliA4VlM_73KYJg2eI_qUCTevkQYhV8u9LtDXjyPJx8WkhsW7EoZMEIq/s1600/swap__tw_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvEtcfVC9fMunMiogW1lsdzjqDfRqWAo1enWZwC59mjf2a9nE0dHKC_1qe7QnLfkuGcGNZHnTq3_7jM288HkH_gliA4VlM_73KYJg2eI_qUCTevkQYhV8u9LtDXjyPJx8WkhsW7EoZMEIq/s1600/swap__tw_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Before we add more SWAP space, we need to create the swap file. We will use the <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">dd</code> </b></span>command to create the swap file. <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">dd</code> </b></span>is built in command in <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS </a>whose primary purpose is to convert and copy a file .</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In this case <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">if</code> </b></span>(input file) is <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;"><b>/dev/zero</b></span></code> and <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">of</code> </b></span>(output file) is the destination where we want to save the file. Basically, we are going to create 1GB file that will consist of zeros only and use that as a swap later.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=1024
</span></code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Next, we need to set up file so it is can be used as swap space. We will use <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">mkswap</code> </b></span>command for that:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># mkswap /swapfile
</span></code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The swap file must be owned by root and have proper permissions:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">#chown root:root /swapfile
#chmod 0600 /swapfile</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Once this is done, the only thing left is to activate and start using the swap space.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># swapon /swapfile
</span></code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">That’s it. We got another 1GB of swap space. If we wont to keep the space active after system reboot, we need to add an entry into <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;"><b>/etc/fstab</b></span></code> file. Open <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;"><b>/etc/fstab</b></span></code> file using your favorite text editor and add the following entry:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0
</span></code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Save and close the file. Next time Linux comes up after reboot, it enables the new swap file for you automatically.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We can verify that the swap was added by executing the command, the output should look like the following:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># free -m
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          2026        990       1036          0        129        620
-/+ buffers/cache:        240       1786
Swap:         1024          0       1024</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to determine how often swap file is used (compared to the RAM usage) system uses system property that is called swappiness. Swappiness is a property of the Linux kernel that changes the balance between swapping out runtime memory, as opposed to dropping pages from the system page cache. Swappiness can be set to values between 0 and 100 inclusive.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A low value means the kernel will try to avoid swapping as much as possible where a higher value instead will make the kernel aggressively try to use swap space. The default value is 60. We can set the swappiness with the following command:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">sysctl vm.swappiness=10
</span></code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now you have swap file on your system, which means you have more memory for the system to work with. This will make your system more stable at the cost of HDD space used by the swap file. </span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>

How to add extra swap space on CentOS 6.X

Add extra swap space on CentOS 6 In CentOS 6 swap space or simply swap is something that is used by the operating system when the syst...

How to Use Prometheus to Monitor Your CentOS 7 Server

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<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;">
<u><i><span style="color: red;">Prometheus to Monitor Your <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS</a> 7 Server</span></i></u></h1>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Prometheus is an open source monitoring system and time series database. It addresses many aspects of monitoring such as the generation and collection of metrics, graphing the resulting data on dashboards, and alerting on anomalies. The main features of Prometheus is that its a multi-dimensional data model with </span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGm_iPrVY0V0R8hNZEJkrqwvOZ9KCN3R_YQuopph7-iJTWkZZyevL9J8xRHPMPNgAlzpuJkJ8K7FiL3rOooZDVtDC4Fx-G_tIjiANYFbTLd-DA5ltQsVnL1maXvD4HM9sWLMb8I36CwgnH/s1600/prometheus-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGm_iPrVY0V0R8hNZEJkrqwvOZ9KCN3R_YQuopph7-iJTWkZZyevL9J8xRHPMPNgAlzpuJkJ8K7FiL3rOooZDVtDC4Fx-G_tIjiANYFbTLd-DA5ltQsVnL1maXvD4HM9sWLMb8I36CwgnH/s1600/prometheus-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a flexible query language to leverage this dimensionality. So, this will allow you to not only easily fine tune the definitions of the Prometheus metrics, but also generate more accurate reports. The Prometheus ecosystem consists of multiple components that are are written in Go language, making them easy to build and deploy as static binaries.</span></span></div>
<div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">System Update</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Connect to the<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/centos7" target="_blank"> CentOS 7</a> base operating system using the non-root sudo user and run the command as shown below to update your server with the latest updates and missing patches.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo yum update</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Make sure that you have sufficient disk space to install the update, then type ‘y’ and hit ‘Enter’ to continue.</span></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Downloading Prometheus</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Once your server is ready with all of the updates, proceed to the installation setup of Prometheus. To do so, first we will download its latest available package on Github. We will be using the ‘Curl’ command to download Pometheus in a newly created directory using the following commands.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ mkdir backup</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd backup</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ curl -LO "https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/releases/download/0.17.0/prometheus-0.17.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz"
$ mv </span><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">prometheus-0.17.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz </span><span style="font-family: "menlo" , "monaco" , "consolas" , "courier new" , monospace; line-height: 1.42857;">prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64.tar.gz</span></pre>
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<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Prometheus Installation</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We will be creating a new directory to install Prometheus into as it would be best practise to keep all the components of Prometheus within one parent directory. So, run the commands below to create a new directory in the home directory of your current user and extract the Prometheus package on it.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ mkdir ~/Prometheus</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd ~/Prometheus</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ tar -zxvf ~/backup/prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64.tar.gz</span></pre>
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<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now run the following command to verify the installation and check the version of ‘Prometheus’ and ‘Go’ installers.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ ~/Prometheus/prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64/prometheus -version</span></pre>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrbvvduUTHv4bltLksI3Sws_8D4bvpWSewgUse7rp9SHu6o-1BONKj-6qVhK6i0qeTHzAxtEfKriW-Gu3ZrSBZ_TfHZ3-CYRObPCdJfLz0OV6gaEES-NHhPLwMybR6Tf5-jtjYAXTgAMcV/s1600/prometheus-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrbvvduUTHv4bltLksI3Sws_8D4bvpWSewgUse7rp9SHu6o-1BONKj-6qVhK6i0qeTHzAxtEfKriW-Gu3ZrSBZ_TfHZ3-CYRObPCdJfLz0OV6gaEES-NHhPLwMybR6Tf5-jtjYAXTgAMcV/s1600/prometheus-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Installation of Node Exporter</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Node Exporter is actually the Prometheus exporter for machine metrics, written in Go with pluggable metric collectors that exports a lot of metrics such as disk I/O statistics, memory usage, network statistics, CPU load and much more in a format that Prometheus recognizes.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The installation package for Node Exporter is also available on Github that can be downloaded from the Prometheus Node Exporter releases. Copy the Source link address to download the package using the ‘Curl’ command.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd ~/backup/</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ curl -LO "https://github.com/prometheus/node_exporter/releases/download/0.12.0rc3/node_exporter-0.12.0rc3.linux-amd64.tar.gz"</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then extract this using the ‘tar’ command in a new directory ‘node_exporter’ under Prometheus using the following commands.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ mkdir ~/Prometheus/node_exporter</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd ~/Prometheus/node_exporter/</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ tar -zxvf ~/backup/node_exporter-0.12.0rc3.linux-amd64.tar.gz </span></pre>
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<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Starting Node Exporter</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Execute the node_exporter within the same directory where extracted, to run its service as shown below.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ ./node_exporter</span></pre>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZT3n2ByVXThBwMcJ7PydocV5yuExx77DY1sbQ_lpEee97q1BKGiSFFhQiUtfHNHjuMd1dcSfGIoOryKHbcL8VQ5EH90i729HLA-D_tCer-LbbUlVh-k_A1dSMo37RdKBgi_tR98zNMU5Z/s1600/node_exporter-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZT3n2ByVXThBwMcJ7PydocV5yuExx77DY1sbQ_lpEee97q1BKGiSFFhQiUtfHNHjuMd1dcSfGIoOryKHbcL8VQ5EH90i729HLA-D_tCer-LbbUlVh-k_A1dSMo37RdKBgi_tR98zNMU5Z/s1600/node_exporter-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Node Exporter As a Service</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Node Exporter has been placed under the home directory of our sudo user in ‘~/Prometheus/node_exporter’ directory. Now we are going to configure it as a service so that we can easily start and stop Node Exporter service when required.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/node_exporter.service</span>
<code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[Unit]
Description=Node Exporter</code>

[Service]
User=vxx
ExecStart=/home/vxx/Prometheus/node_exporter/node_exporter

[Install]
WantedBy=default.target</pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then start the service after reloading daemon or reboot the server.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo systemctl enable node_exporter.service</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo systemctl start node_exporter.service</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo systemctl status node_exporter.service</span></pre>
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<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Once the node_exporter service is running, open your browser to view Node Exporter’s web interface by following the link below.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">http://your_servers_ip:9100/metrics</pre>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiATFaLfqGL-mjKMhH4LtDIxvESJAiww29_E3cvfyY24BcMY1_kVsB8Fly-d7RfbtQl_7D8VNV7xOlFIPxDhZUQ7WkGiNEg9svkYwb09dvo2CyAywUZuioH2sADL1JxKNNe9CjmDznxFCZB/s1600/prometheus_node-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiATFaLfqGL-mjKMhH4LtDIxvESJAiww29_E3cvfyY24BcMY1_kVsB8Fly-d7RfbtQl_7D8VNV7xOlFIPxDhZUQ7WkGiNEg9svkYwb09dvo2CyAywUZuioH2sADL1JxKNNe9CjmDznxFCZB/s1600/prometheus_node-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Starting Prometheus Server</u></span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We are now ready to start the Prometheus server by creating a new configuration file in the Prometheus directory with the following code in it.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd ~/Prometheus/prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64/</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ vim prometheus.yml
</span>

<code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">global:
  scrape_interval:     15s # By default, scrape targets every 15 seconds.

# Attach these labels to any time series or alerts when communicating with
  # external systems (federation, remote storage, Alertmanager).
  external_labels:
    monitor: 'codelab-monitor'

# A scrape configuration containing exactly one endpoint to scrape:
# Here it's Prometheus itself.
scrape_configs:
  # The job name is added as a label `job=<job_name>` to any timeseries scraped from this config.
  - job_name: 'prometheus'

# Override the global default and scrape targets from this job every 5 seconds.
    scrape_interval: 5s

target_groups:
      - targets: ['localhost:9090']</code></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Close after making saving the changes using ‘:wq!’.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">These configurations will create the ‘scrape_configs’ and a ‘job_name’ as ‘node’ that can be any name you wish. Then start the Prometheus server as a background process and redirect it to output the log files using the following command.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ nohup ./prometheus > prometheus.log 2>&1 &</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To view these logs you can use the command below.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ tail ~/Prometheus/prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64/prometheus.log</span></pre>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKib_5iF5oZEsR3x4zZ0nwB5RNfHXsg6khyIvtmoks266hMW_xT8shsHN-c65X35SoqtKE8CudGUM2VfzNr5I_T-p6C-ETHk6niAmqhqFVZ01x-vd02ypISmODMHE5CQe-10soo94wfjnD/s1600/prometheus-log-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKib_5iF5oZEsR3x4zZ0nwB5RNfHXsg6khyIvtmoks266hMW_xT8shsHN-c65X35SoqtKE8CudGUM2VfzNr5I_T-p6C-ETHk6niAmqhqFVZ01x-vd02ypISmODMHE5CQe-10soo94wfjnD/s1600/prometheus-log-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Prometheus Web Access</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now open your favourite web browser to access the Prometheus web console using your server’s IP address or FQDN as shown below.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">http://your_servers_ip:9090</pre>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ONV-ubkqGpPlY8NBux7jYLvndQ29Bl5TbB8W-2ldPRImVAR8LZ7gWRejbinOSUcKYTDTFV4biKg4bAy_GzVgOdR5rLLo6Sw4n8JX9R5Mq0TyV9rqIDEksf0F3HCoXHYL6KUbIm85Vi3k/s1600/prometheus_dashboard.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ONV-ubkqGpPlY8NBux7jYLvndQ29Bl5TbB8W-2ldPRImVAR8LZ7gWRejbinOSUcKYTDTFV4biKg4bAy_GzVgOdR5rLLo6Sw4n8JX9R5Mq0TyV9rqIDEksf0F3HCoXHYL6KUbIm85Vi3k/s1600/prometheus_dashboard.png" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To make sure that the Prometheus server is fetching the data from the Node Exporter, click on the Graph and insert any metric chosen from the drop down, then click on the ‘Execute’ button to see the graph as shown below.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPDYRS-XOipLNLQbGcSuofUXanvWQ34hoZ0kmbjP97LIKoupkFAQQCl-zH5fX9_94EV2nLCesv6i11q43kO3m4xG1fVdeU4frtQtUpzvV-1vnykWmMMe6ymGrrUfJvpHRbGe4V2Yd96l-F/s1600/prometheus_node_exporter-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPDYRS-XOipLNLQbGcSuofUXanvWQ34hoZ0kmbjP97LIKoupkFAQQCl-zH5fX9_94EV2nLCesv6i11q43kO3m4xG1fVdeU4frtQtUpzvV-1vnykWmMMe6ymGrrUfJvpHRbGe4V2Yd96l-F/s1600/prometheus_node_exporter-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">You can view the most commonly used metrics from the console templates that are available under the following path.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ ls ~/Prometheus/prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64/consoles</span></pre>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">http://yourservers_ip:9090/consoles/node.html</pre>
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<span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">PromDash Installation</span></u></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">PromDash is a tool that allows to create custom dashboards which are not only highly configurable but also better-looking. It is generally used for debugging purposes or to run one-off queries.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">So this is the preferred way to visualize the data in Prometheus’ time-series database by using PromDash.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To download and run PromoDash, you need to install some of its required packages like Git, Ruby and a few build tools by executing the following ‘Yum’ command.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo yum install git ruby ruby-devel gcc gcc-c++ sqlite-devel zlib-devel patch automake</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Type ‘y’ and hit Enter key to proceed with the installation including its dependent packages. Once the installation is completed run the command below to clone git repository of the PromoDash package.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ git clone https://github.com/prometheus/promdash.git</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now run the command below to install the Gem know as bundler required by PromoDash for installing the Ruby gems.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd promdash/</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ gem install bundler</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then run the ‘Bundle’ command to install all the Ruby gems that PromDash requires. The installation process might take some time to complete and you will get the following output after installation.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ bundle install --without mysql postgresql</span></pre>
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<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Setup the Rail Environment</u></span></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">PromDash uses an environment variable called the ‘DATABASE_URL’ to determine the name of the the database associated with it. In the database directory, we will provide the Database server what it is going to use here followed by the command to setup the RAIL environment for production use and redirect it out to the ‘Bashrc’ file.</span></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Let’s run the following commands to configure the Rails Environment as shown.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ mkdir ~/Prometheus/databases</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ echo "export DATABASE_URL=sqlite3:$HOME/Prometheus/databases/mydb.sqlite3" >> ~/.bashrc</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ echo "export RAILS_ENV=production" >> ~/.bashrc</span>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ . ~/.bashrc</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">After updating the Bashrc file run the following command with ‘rake’ tool to create PromDash’s tables in the SQLite3 database.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ rake db:migrate</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Run the command below to recompile PromDash project because it uses the Rails Asset Pipeline, so all the assets including Javascript files, CSS files and images should be recompiled using the rake tool command as shown.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ rake assets:precompile</span></pre>
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<h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Starting PromoDash</span></u></span></h2>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Run the following command to start the PromoDash server’s service under Thin (a light weight server) .</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ bundle exec thin start -d</span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then open your web browser to access the PromoDash web console using the following link.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">http://your_servers_ip:3000/</pre>
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How to Use Prometheus to Monitor Your CentOS 7 Server

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