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Next Hacker to Organize Biggest Java Programming Competition In Germany

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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Next Hacker to Organize Biggest Java Programming Competition In Germany</span><br />
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Great news for Hackers and Bug-hunters who enjoy Programming and playing around with Software.</div>
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A worldwide group of like-minded computer programmers is hosting <a href="http://www.nexthacker.com/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">The Next Hacker IPPC event</a>on the 26th and 27th of February in Berlin, Germany, where participants can meet hackers and programmers from around the world while getting an opportunity to participate in one of the major hacking-related events in history.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Zt7qQdk3amxoikdRkz4S50KaRruo3LQZm6Bo4Xv6d3LxkqMGyXfjsjqyOL5QJbgYrjf1S_Kea5baN9Muz_7TRnIXhOdQOcYUE1FEAJySdmZvzBZuqMpnacyfXQsDqDdNO4KUfzZ1EL8/s1600/next-hacker-java_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Zt7qQdk3amxoikdRkz4S50KaRruo3LQZm6Bo4Xv6d3LxkqMGyXfjsjqyOL5QJbgYrjf1S_Kea5baN9Muz_7TRnIXhOdQOcYUE1FEAJySdmZvzBZuqMpnacyfXQsDqDdNO4KUfzZ1EL8/s640/next-hacker-java_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Yes,<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> The Next Hacker</i> is inviting Java programmers to participate in its <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">International Programming Player Competition (IPPC)</i></b>, which is going to be held on the second day of the event, i.e., 27th of February.</div>
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The first day of 2016 IPPC event will offer technical sessions on programming, an open panel discussion with renowned hackers and programmers, as well as an opportunity for the world's top programmers to meet leading high-tech companies worldwide.</div>
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The Next Hacker is an outstanding programming event with more than 5,000 attendees – no less than 3,000 contestants, including up-and-coming developers and programmers, as well as more than 2,000 guests.</div>
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All the guests invited to the event are avid hacking enthusiasts, keeping a close eye on the unique hacking challenges that the contestants will have to face.</div>
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The massive number of participants will try to showcase their craft while facing amazingly difficult challenges. This IPPC show is a pleasure to attend and offers the total reward of around $500K in cash prize.</div>
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The Challenge – Be Fast, Be Furious</h3>
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The challenge will start with each programmer having to successfully find and fix holes in three random Java programs.</div>
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The fastest programmers will win a share of the cash pool.</div>
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The prize money of total $500,000 will be distributed among First 100 programmers.</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">First prize – $150,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Second prize – $70,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Third prize – $50,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fourth prize – $35,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fifth prize – $30,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sixth prize – $25,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Seventh prize – $20,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Eighth prize – $15,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ninth prize – $10,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tenth prize – $5,000</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Eleventh to Hundredth prize – $1,000 each</li>
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 we will also be there in the event to keep you updated about the Next Hacker International Programming Player Competition.</div>
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The Benefit</h3>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Your participation in the Next Hacker Programming Contest will allow you to:</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Enhance your visibility</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Show off your skills</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Express your own talent</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Grow your international network and establish contacts with new colleagues and open source software companies</li>
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So, <a href="http://www.nexthacker.com/SignUpLogin" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Sign Up at IPPC</a> now and be a part of one of the Biggest Programming Event.</div>
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Roll up your sleeves, Master your skills, Conquer the digital frontier, and Be crowned for the Ultimate Next Hacker.</div>
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Next Hacker to Organize Biggest Java Programming Competition In Germany

Next Hacker to Organize Biggest Java Programming Competition In Germany Great news for Hackers and Bug-hunters who enjoy Programming and ...

Casino Sues Cyber Security Company Over Failure to Stop Hackers

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IT security firm <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Trustwave</b> has been sued by a Las Vegas-based casino operator for conducting an allegedly <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"woefully inadequate"</i> investigation following a network breach of the casino operator’s system.</div>
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The lawsuit, filed in the US District Court in Nevada, is one of the first cases of its kind where a client challenges a cyber security firm over the quality of its investigation following a hacking attack.</div>
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Casino Sued an IT Security Firm</h3>
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Affinity Gaming said it hired Trustwave in late 2013 to analyze and clean up computer network intrusions that allowed attackers to obtain its customers' credit card data.</div>
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It was reported that the details on more than <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">300,000 credit cards </b>used by customers in Affinity's restaurants and hotels were accessed by cyber crooks who compromised its systems.</div>
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A report submitted by Trustwave in mid-January 2014 noted that the security firm had:</div>
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However, more than a year later after the casino operator was hit by a second payment card breach, Affinity allegedly learned from Trustwave's competing cybersecurity firm, <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mandiant</b>, that the <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">malware had never been fully removed.</i></div>
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The Lawsuit Filed by the Casino Operator</h3>
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Here's what Affinity claimed in its <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/SwatiKhandelwal15/trustwave-complaint" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">lawsuit filed</a> at the end of December in the US district court of Nevada:</div>
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Hiring a firm with the proper data breach response expertise, such as Trustwave held itself out to be, was of paramount importance for Affinity Gaming...Affinity isn't an IT security firm and lacks the level of expertise.</blockquote>
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With respect to the apparent data breach, Affinity Gaming was wholly dependent on and subordinate in terms of its understanding, knowledge, and capabilities, to Trustwave, relying on [it] to diagnose, investigate, and prescribe appropriate measures to address.</blockquote>
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Mandiant’s forthright and thorough investigation concluded that Trustwave's representations were untrue, and Trustwave's prior work was woefully inadequate. In reality, Trustwave lied when it claimed that its so-called investigation would diagnose and help remedy the data breach when it represented that the data breach was "contained," and when it claimed that the recommendations it was offering would address the data breach. Trustwave...failed to identify the means by which the attacker had breached Affinity Gaming's data security. Thus, Trustwave could not in good faith have made the foregoing representations to Affinity Gaming.</blockquote>
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However, Trustwave denies any wrongdoing. A Trustwave spokesperson <a href="http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/05b4ee8c-badd-11e5-bf7e-8a339b6f2164.html#axzz3xOXXzWG8" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">told</a> the Financial Times (FT) on Friday, <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"We dispute and disagree with the allegations in the lawsuit and we will defend ourselves vigorously in court."</i></div>
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Casino Sues Cyber Security Company Over Failure to Stop Hackers

IT security firm Trustwave has been sued by a Las Vegas-based casino operator for conducting an allegedly "woefully inadequate&quo...

Apple's Mac OS X Still Open to Malware, Thanks Gatekeeper

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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>Apple's Mac OS X Still Open to Malware, Thanks Gatekeeper</u></b></span><br />
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Apple Mac Computers are considered to be much safer than Windows computers at keeping out the viruses and malware, but the new Exploit discovered by researchers again proves it indeed quite false.</div>
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Last year, The Hacker News reported a deadly simple exploit that completely bypassed one of the core security features in Mac OS X known as <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gatekeeper</b>.</div>
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Apple released a patch in November, but now the same security researcher who discovered the original Gatekeeper bypass vulnerability said he found an equally obvious workaround.</div>
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Patrick Wardle, ex-NSA staffer and head of research at security intelligence firm Synack, said the security patch released by Apple was "<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">incredibly weak</b>" and that the update was "<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">easy to bypass</b>" in minutes.</div>
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Gatekeeper's Failure Once Again</h3>
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Introduced in July of 2012, Gatekeeper is Apple's anti-malware feature designed to block untrusted, dodgy apps from running, keeping Mac OS X systems safe from malware.</div>
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However, the reality is slightly different, according to Wardle. Hackers can install malicious software on Mac computers, even when Gatekeeper is set to its most restrictive setting.</div>
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<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"Even on a fully-patched OS X 10.11.2 system, Gatekeeper is trivial to bypass," </i>Wardle wrote in a <a href="https://www.synack.com/2016/01/15/synack-s-shmoocon/" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">blog post</a>. <i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">"So hackers can (re)start their trojan distributions while nation states can get back to MitM’ing HTTP downloads from the internet."</i></blockquote>
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In September, Wardle realized that before allowing any apps to execute on an OS X machine, Gatekeeper performs a number of checks, such as:</div>
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But, what Gatekeeper fails to check is – whether the app already trusted by OS X runs or loads other files from the same folder.</div>
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However, in the name of a security patch, all Apple did was simply blacklist the signed apps Wardle was abusing to bypass Gatekeeper, rather than fixing the underlying problem.</div>
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How to Bypass Gatekeeper in OS X?</h3>
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This was not effective in preventing attacks. Wardle found a new Apple-signed file that allow him to do the same. Notably, the file was offered by the popular anti-virus firm Kaspersky Labs.</div>
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All Wardle has done is:</div>
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<br style="content: ' '; display: block; margin: 20px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><ul style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 20px 20px 20px 35px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Identified an already-signed binary file (<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Binary A</b>) that runs a separate app (<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Binary B</b>) located in the same folder</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Renamed <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Binary A</b></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Swapped out the legitimate <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Binary B</b> with a malicious one</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Then bundled malicious file in the same folder under the same file name, <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Binary B</b></li>
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Now, Binary B needs no digital certificate or Apple developer certificate to run, so it can be used to install anything the attacker wants, completely bypassing Gatekeeper.</div>
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Wardle notified Apple about his latest finding, and the company rolled out an update blocking the new files Wardle privately reported it, which is not a right approach. Apple should come up with a more comprehensive fix to address the issue.</div>
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How to Protect Yourself?</h3>
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In the meantime, Wardle suggested Mac users to only download software from the Mac App Store and be more careful while downloading apps from the internet.</div>
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Wardle will be presenting his findings at the<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Shmoocon conference in Washington D.C </i>this weekend. He also released a complementary tool for Gatekeeper on Friday, a free tool dubbed<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://objective-see.com/products/ostiarius.html" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1177b8; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Ostiarius</a></b>, that checks all file executions and blocks untrusted, unsigned code originating from the Web. </div>
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Apple's Mac OS X Still Open to Malware, Thanks Gatekeeper

Apple's Mac OS X Still Open to Malware, Thanks Gatekeeper Apple Mac Computers are considered to be much safer than Windows computers ...

How to Find Out Top Directories and Files (Disk Space) in Linux

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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 26px;"><u>Find Out Top Directories and Files (Disk Space) in Linux</u></span></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">As a Linux administrator, you must periodically check which files and folders are consuming more disk space. It is very necessary to find the unnecessary junks and free up them from your hard disk.2. List Files Based on Last Access Time</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRrntqeRR0JjdjGLWaVIEXkALKjr7jUNN73x89G55WbNwzonh1CoFNBxk6d1o-Ebg6ZOaoPrIVeEOYkjclOKiREwOmjBZ29AS2_8j2NzKGOt6QU2GDM_vZ5Fs5HkFJXs9pq0UCeyOkWbo/s1600/find_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRrntqeRR0JjdjGLWaVIEXkALKjr7jUNN73x89G55WbNwzonh1CoFNBxk6d1o-Ebg6ZOaoPrIVeEOYkjclOKiREwOmjBZ29AS2_8j2NzKGOt6QU2GDM_vZ5Fs5HkFJXs9pq0UCeyOkWbo/s1600/find_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">This brief tutorial describes how to find the largest files and folders in the Linux file system using <b>du </b>and <b>find</b> command. If you want to learn more about these two commands, then head over to the following articles</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>How to Find Biggest Files and Directories in Linux</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Run the following command to find out top biggest directories under</span></span><span style="color: #272727; font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 28.8px;"> </span></span><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">/home</code><span style="color: #272727; font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 28.8px;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">partition.</span><br />
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># du -a /home | sort -n -r | head -n 5</pre>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Example:--</span></u></b><br />
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">root@hackthesec:/home/hackthesec# du -a /home | sort -n -r | head -n 5</pre>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Courier 10 Pitch, Courier, monospace;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">22302276 /home
22301772 /home/hackthesec
11271352 /home/hackthesec/Downloads
4623604 /home/hackthesec/Desktop
3287836 /home/hackthesec/.thunderbird-trunk</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">The above command displays the biggest 5 directories of my /home partition.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Find Largest Directories in Linux</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">If you want to display the biggest directories in the current working directory, run:</span></span><br />
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"># du -a | sort -n -r | head -n 5</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Let us break down the command and see what says each parameter.</span></span></div>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">du</code> : </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">command: Estimate file space usage.</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">a</code><span style="color: #272727; font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"> : </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Displays all files and folders</span><span style="font-size: 15px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 26px;">.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sort</code> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">command : Sort lines of text files.</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-n</code> : </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Compare according to string numerical value.</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-r</code> : </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Reverse the result of comparisons.</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">head</code> :</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Output the first part of files.</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-n</code> : </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Print the first ‘n’ lines. (In our case, We displayed first 5 lines).</span></span></li>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Some of you would like to display the above result in human readable format. i.e you might want to display the largest files in KB, MB, or GB.</span></span><br />
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"># du -hs * | sort -rh | head -5</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">The above command will show the top directories, which are eating up more disk space. If you feel that some directories are not important, you can simply delete few sub-directories or delete the entire folder to free up some space.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">To display the largest folders/files including the sub-directories, run:</span></span><br />
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"># du -Sh | sort -rh | head -5</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Find out the meaning of each options using in above command:</span></span></div>
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<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">du</code> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Command: Estimate file space usage.</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-h</code> : </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 10MB).</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-S</code> : </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Do not include size of subdirectories.</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-s</code> : </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Display only a total for each argument.</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sort</code> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">command : sort lines of text files.</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-r</code> : </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Reverse the result of comparisons.</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-h</code> : </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K, 1G).</span></span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">head</code> : </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Output the first part of files.</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Find Out Top File Sizes Only</span></u></b></span></span><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">If you want to display the biggest file sizes only, then run the following command:</span></span><br />
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"># find -type f -exec du -Sh {} + | sort -rh | head -n 5</span></span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">To find the largest files in a particular location, just include the path besides the</span></span><span style="color: #272727; font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 28.8px;"> </span></span><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">find</code><span style="color: #272727; font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 28.8px;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">command:</span></span><br />
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"># find /home/hackthesec/Downloads/ -type f -exec du -Sh {} + | sort -rh | head -n 5</span></span></pre>
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</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">The above command will display the largest file from                </span></span><span style="color: #272727; font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 28.8px;"> </span></span></span><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">/home/hackthesec/Downloads</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #272727; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; line-height: 28.8px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">directory.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div>
</div>

How to Find Out Top Directories and Files (Disk Space) in Linux

Find Out Top Directories and Files (Disk Space) in Linux As a Linux administrator, you must periodically check which files and folders a...

How to Restrict SFTP Users to Home Directories Using chroot Jail

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<h1 class="post-title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #155c8e; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">How to Restrict SFTP Users to Home Directories Using chroot Jail</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In this tutorial, we will be discussing how to restrict <span style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">SFTP</span> users to their home directories or specific directories. It means the user can only access his/her respective home directory, not the entire file system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Restricting users home directories is vital, especially in a shared server environment, so that an unauthorized user won’t sneak peek into the other user’s files and folders.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpkRS-6DEZ7fc56wNqe6ia0AeVQwhaU3pUz5p-Dxa97gM5oAlSs85bvDN3WftyJFPqEYK9wTec2BBAis0Y1tjlSb5n1bivw5lffCMNthPBmapB-JnLIHz-mcmdpAq9Sa4THTjBNnf_fE/s1600/sftp_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpkRS-6DEZ7fc56wNqe6ia0AeVQwhaU3pUz5p-Dxa97gM5oAlSs85bvDN3WftyJFPqEYK9wTec2BBAis0Y1tjlSb5n1bivw5lffCMNthPBmapB-JnLIHz-mcmdpAq9Sa4THTjBNnf_fE/s1600/sftp_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Important</span>: Please also note that the purpose of this article is to provide SFTP access only, not SSH logins, by following this article will have the permissions to do file transfer, but not allowed to do a remote SSH session.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The simplest way to do this, is to create a chrooted jail environment for SFTP access. This method is same for all Unix/Linux operating systems. Using chrooted environment, we can restrict users either to their home directory or to a specific directory.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #336699; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Restrict Users to Home Directories</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In this section, we will create new group called <span style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sftpgroup</span> and assign correct ownership and permissions to user accounts. There are two choices to restrict users to home or specific directories, we will see both way in this article.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Create or Modify Users and Groups</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Let us restrict the existing user, for example <code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">hacktesec</code>, to his/her home directory named <code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">/home/</code></span><span style="background-color: #f6f6f8; color: #3b5999; font-family: monospace; font-weight: 600; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; white-space: pre;">hacktesec</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. For this, you need to create a new <span style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sftpgroup</span> group using <span style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">groupadd</span> command as shown:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"># groupadd sftpgroup
</span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Next, assign the user <span style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">‘</span></span><span style="background-color: #f6f6f8; color: #3b5999; font-family: monospace; font-weight: 600; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; white-space: pre;">hacktesec</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">’</span> to <span style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sftpgroup</span> group.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px;"># usermod -G sftpgroup </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 600; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;"><span style="color: #3b5999;">hackthesec</span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px;">
</span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">You can also create a new user using useradd command, for example <code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">senthil</code> and assign the user to<span style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sftpusers</span> group.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px;"># adduser senthil -g sftpgroup -s /sbin/nologin
# passwd </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 600; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;"><span style="color: #3b5999;">hackthesec</span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px;">
</span></pre>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #aa4b80; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.3px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Modify SSH Configuration File</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Open and add the following lines to <code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code> configuration file.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Subsystem sftp internal-sftp
 
   Match Group sftpgroup
   ChrootDirectory /home
   ForceCommand internal-sftp
   X11Forwarding no
   AllowTcpForwarding no
</span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Save and exit the file, restart sshd service to take new changes into effect.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"># systemctl restart sshd
OR
# service sshd restart
</span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">If you chroot multiple users to the same directory, you should change the permissions of each user’s home directory in order to prevent all users to browse the home directories of the each other users.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px;"># chmod 700 /home/</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 600; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;"><span style="color: #3b5999;">hackthesec</span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px;">
</span></pre>
<h4 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #aa4b80; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.3px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="#verifysftp" style="-webkit-transition-duration: 0.2s; -webkit-transition-timing-function: ease; border: 0px; color: #3b8dbd; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-timing-function: ease; vertical-align: baseline;"></a>Verify SSH and SFTP Users Login</span></h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now, it’s time to check the login from a local system. Try to ssh your remote system from your local system.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px;"># ssh </span><span style="font-weight: 600; line-height: 20.7999992370605px;"><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">hackthesec</span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px;">@192.168.1.150
</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here,</span></div>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: #f6f6f8; color: #3b5999; font-family: monospace; font-weight: 600; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; white-space: pre;">hacktesec</span> – remote system’s username.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">192.168.1.150</span> – Remote system’s IP address.</span></li>
</ol>
<h5 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #444444; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Sample output:</span></h5>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">hackthesec</span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">@192.168.1.150's password: 
Could not chdir to home directory /home/hackthesec: No such file or directory
This service allows sftp connections only.
Connection to 192.168.1.150 closed.
</span></span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then, access remote system using SFTP.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"># sftp hackthesec@192.168.1.150
</span></span></span></pre>
<h5 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #444444; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Sample output:</span></h5>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 19px;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">hackthesec</span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19px;">@192.168.1.150's password: 
Connected to 192.168.1.150.
sftp>
</span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Let us check the current working directory:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sftp&gt pwd</span><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">
Remote working directory: /

</span></span><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sftp&gt mkdir test</span><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">
hackthesec  
</span></span></span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Restrict Users to a Specific Directory</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In our previous example, we restrict the existing users to the home directory. Now, we will see how to restrict a new user to a custom directory.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Create Group and New Users</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Create a new group <code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sftpgroup</code>.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"># groupadd sftpgroup
</span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Next, create a directory for SFTP group and assign permissions for the root user.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"># mkdir -p /sftpusers/chroot
# chown root:root /sftpusers/chroot/
</span></pre>
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<span style="color: #272727; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 28.7999992370605px;">Next, create new directories for each user, to which they will have full access. For example, we will create </span></span><span style="color: #3b5999; font-family: monospace;"><span style="font-weight: 600; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; white-space: pre;">hackthesec</span></span><span style="color: #272727; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 28.7999992370605px;"> user and it’s new home directory with correct group permission using following series of commands.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"># adduser hackthesec -g sftpgroup -s /sbin/nologin
# passwd hackthesec
# mkdir /sftpusers/chroot/hackthesec
# chown hackthesec:sftpgroup /sftpusers/chroot/hackthesec/
# chmod 700 /sftpusers/chroot/hackthesec/
</span></span></span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Configure SSH for SFTP Access</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Modify or add the following lines at the end of the file:</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">#Subsystem   sftp /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server
Subsystem sftp  internal-sftp
 
Match Group sftpgroup
   ChrootDirectory /sftpusers/chroot/
   ForceCommand internal-sftp
   X11Forwarding no
   AllowTcpForwarding no
</span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Save and exit the file. Restart sshd service to take effect the saved changes.</span></div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"># systemctl restart sshd
OR
# service sshd restart
</span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">That’s it, you can check by logging into the your remote SSH and SFTP server by using the step provided above at Verify SSH and SFTP login.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Be mindful that this method will disable the shell access, i.e you can’t access the remote system’s shell session using SSH. You can only access the remote systems via SFTP and do file transfer to and from the local and remote systems.</span></div>
</div>