How To Install and Configure Varnish with Apache on Ubuntu

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;"> <span style="color: red;"><u><i>Install and Configure Varnish with Apache on Ubuntu</i></u></span></h1> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Varnish is an HTTP accelerator designed for content-heavy dynamic web sites. In contrast to other web accelerators, such as Squid, which began life as a client-side cache, or Apache and nginx, which are primarily origin servers, Varnish was designed as an HTTP accelerator. Varnish is focused exclusively on HTTP, unlike other proxy servers that often support FTP, SMTP and other network protocols.</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVaoofLAr1qcEBj2B3kvNrKK-mCvBW6KYxqdP1w8CzXxVHDwbKMkX1zEIYqXAE7JJCmJ5FQQIZlwwi06m8QAHyIswi2sblbEoV25-ChZQxpGwDavVYR2XA234EDZHbv4qKQlY-9bqrbug5/s1600/Varnish-Cache-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVaoofLAr1qcEBj2B3kvNrKK-mCvBW6KYxqdP1w8CzXxVHDwbKMkX1zEIYqXAE7JJCmJ5FQQIZlwwi06m8QAHyIswi2sblbEoV25-ChZQxpGwDavVYR2XA234EDZHbv4qKQlY-9bqrbug5/s1600/Varnish-Cache-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before we install Varnish, we should have <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Apache" target="_blank">apache </a>already installed. To install Apache, we should simple execute:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo apt-get install apache2 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Varnish should be available for install in the standard <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu </a>repositories. However, before we uninstall it we need to make sure that we are going to import the correct and latest varnish repository. We will start with importing their key:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo curl http://repo.varnish-cache.org/debian/GPG-key.txt | sudo apt-key add - </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then, we should open <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/apt/sources.list</span></code> file for editing and add the following line:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">deb http://repo.varnish-cache.org/ubuntu/ lucid varnish-3.0 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We need make sure that our repositories are up-to-date. After then, we are ready to install Varnish.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo apt-get update # sudo apt-get install varnish </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Once we have Varnish installed, we should setup some basic configuration parameters. By default, Varnish will listen on port 80, so we need to edit Apache configuration and set apache to listen on different port. In order to change that port that Apache listens on another port, we should open the<code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/apache2/ports.conf</span></code> file and edit as follows:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">NameVirtualHost 127.0.0.1:8080 Listen 127.0.0.1:8080 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then, we should also make changes in the default virtual host file (and in every other virtual host file that exists):</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:8080> </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In order to set varnish parameters, we should open the default Varnish configuration file,<code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/default/varnish</span></code>, using our favorite editor, and uncomment the following directive:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">DAEMON_OPTS="-a :80 -T localhost:6082 -f /etc/varnish/default.vcl -S /etc/varnish/secret -s malloc,256m" </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;">That is all that we need to change in that file. Next, we open </span><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/varnish/default.vcl</span></code><span style="color: #333333;"> file and edit as follows:</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">backend default { .host = "127.0.0.1"; .port = "8080"; } </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Please note that in 8080 is the port on which Apache listens. If we choose another port for Apache to listen on, that we should use that port number instead. We are done with the basic configuration. Next, we need to restart the services and all traffic will go through Varnish:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo service apache2 restart # sudo service varnish restart </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If we want to check the current Varnish status and the cached sessions and content that is served through Varnish, we should execute:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># varnishstat Hitrate ratio: 3 3 3 Hitrate avg: 0.3745 0.3745 0.3745 869844 4.97 2.89 Client connections accepted 31200592 164.04 103.52 Client requests received 11705560 58.66 38.84 Cache hits </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Your pages are not being cached using Varnish and you can start by further referring to Varnish documentation to optimize your configuration.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div> </div> </div>

How To Install and Configure Varnish with Apache on Ubuntu

Install and Configure Varnish with Apache on Ubuntu Varnish is an HTTP accelerator designed for content-heavy dynamic web sites. In con...

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How To Setup Your Own VPN With PPTP on Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu, Debian)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;"> <u><span style="color: red;">Setup Your Own VPN With PPTP on Linux</span></u></h1> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A virtual private network (VPN) is network that extends a private network (i.e. LAN) across a public network, such as the Internet. It enables a communications between computers and devices across shared or public networks as if it were directly connected to the private network, while benefiting from the functionality, security and management policies of the private network.</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbGgZsZxHpGmfsc4ruZzAb9wex7f3ymd1FVb8zvx6gV5P8wjiQqZd-steeQUGuPHjAkgfrmV5BRgMUGmLyvkzVT1MqHvxJRCWK2AVkWGmo15RlgPhZuuTcgzdo5AFpodeTQbaTM5H7KEcV/s1600/VPN.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbGgZsZxHpGmfsc4ruZzAb9wex7f3ymd1FVb8zvx6gV5P8wjiQqZd-steeQUGuPHjAkgfrmV5BRgMUGmLyvkzVT1MqHvxJRCWK2AVkWGmo15RlgPhZuuTcgzdo5AFpodeTQbaTM5H7KEcV/s320/VPN.png" width="288" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <h3 id="server-side-setup-and-configuration" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Server side setup and configuration</u></span></h3> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The most popular VPN solutions are OpenVPN and PPTP. We will use PPTP. Before we proceed and setup our own VPN network, we should have one computer that will be the VPN server. That computer will be responsible for assigning IP addresses to the clients, establishing initial connection between the clients or between client and the server, handling the security protocols and users/clients authentication. In order to install PPTP we will execute the following command:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># apt-get install pptpd </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Alternatively, if we are using <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS</a> we should execute:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># rpm -i http://poptop.sourceforge.net/yum/stable/rhel6/pptp-release-current.noarch.rpm # yum -y install pptpd </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Next step is to edit the default configuration file <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/pptpd.conf</span></code>, using our favourite editor and add the following lines:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">localip 172.16.0.1 remoteip 172.16.0.100-200 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In this case, 172.16.0.1 is the IP that will be used inside the VPN by the VPN server, and An IP from the range 172.16.0.100-200 will be assigned to each client that will be authenticated.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now we need to add new users. The file that contains the users and their password is <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/ppp/chap-secrets</span></code>. The client should be entered with the following information in the following order:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># client server secret IP addresses </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to create new client called <span style="color: red;"><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">client1</code> </span>that will be able to use the <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">pptpd</code> server from any location using the password <span style="color: red;"><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">password1</code> </span>we should add the following line, in the following case, the asterisk means that anyone IP address can use that login information:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">client1 pptpd password1 * </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The last thing that we need to do before starting our VPN server is to add DNS server. We can add the DNS servers provided by or internet provider or we can use Google DNS servers and insert them in the file.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">ms-dns 8.8.8.8 ms-dns 8.8.4.4 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now we can start the pptpd daemon using the command:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">service pptpd start </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to verify that it is running and listening for incoming connections, we should execute:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">netstat -alpn | grep pptp </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The output should look something like this:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:1723 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 20934/pptpd unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 5992346 20934/pptpd </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order for VPN server to work properly and be able to forward the requests we should make sure that the following line exists in <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/systl.conf</span></code>.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If it doesn’t exist, we need to add it and then apply the configuration using the following command:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">sysctl -p </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If we want the clients to be able to communicate to each other inside the VPN network we should create the following <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">iptables</code> rules:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE && iptables-save # iptables --table nat --append POSTROUTING --out-interface ppp0 -j # iptables -I INPUT -s 172.16.0.0/16 -i ppp0 -j ACCEPT # iptables --append FORWARD --in-interface eth0 -j ACCEPT </code></pre> <h3 id="client-side-setup-and-configuration" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Client side setup and configuration</u></span></h3> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order for a client computer to be able to connect to our VPN server, we should install the PPTP client using the following command (the first one is for <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/centos7" target="_blank">CentOS</a>, the second is for <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Debian" target="_blank">Debian</a>/<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu</a>):</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># yum -y install pptp # apt-get install pptp-linux </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The VPN client request the ppp_mppe module, so we need to load it:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># modprobe ppp_mppe </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Client configuration should be created in <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/ppp/peers/</span></code> folder. In order to configure the parameters for the server we want to use, we should create the configuration file using our favorite editor and set the following parameters (we are at <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">client1</code> now):</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">pty "pptp --nolaunchpppd" name client1 password password1 remotename PPTP require-mope-128 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If our config files in the example above, was named <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/ppp/peers/vpnserver</span></code>, then in order to start the client and connect to the VPN server we should execute:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># pppd call vpnserver </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After starting the client, check the log files for possible errors or successful connection info using the following command:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cat /var/log/syslog | grep pptp </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We should explicitly set proper routing for the VPN traffic on our clients:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">ip route add 172.16.0.0/16 dev ppp0 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Once this is done, we can repeat the procedure and add more client and they will all be able to communicate to each other inside secured virtual private network. The computer can communicate using any protocol or service, such as HTTP, SMTP, telnet, MySQL, FTP etc. PPTP server doesn’t demand high usage of CPU resources, but still, all traffic is 128-bit encrypted. This provides decent level of security and protection for our sensitive data and information.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div> </div> </div>

How To Setup Your Own VPN With PPTP on Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu, Debian)

Setup Your Own VPN With PPTP on Linux A virtual private network (VPN) is network that extends a private network (i.e. LAN) across a publ...

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How To Install and Host Ghost with Nginx on Ubuntu

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;"> <span style="color: red;"><u><i>Install & Host Ghost with Nginx on Ubuntu</i></u></span></h1> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ghost is an <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/open_source_software" target="_blank">Open Source application</a> which allows us to write and publish our own blog, giving you the tools to make it easy and even fun to do. It’s simple, elegant, and designed so that we can spend less time making our blog work and more time blogging.</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBQNLroWgKSBZbd94Qe2N-2NmMIlTYWcEC6zmPEL2mWdhJ8O_T4YGKVijNrC3u_e3m4WgpXv_w5_i7xea1pO8MtrCJO6i5CUWwTHCHeP6hHojdD7wdvrNdLlaYVydCtB8pqbDPFi_R9N0h/s1600/How-To-Install-Host-Ghost-with-Nginx-on-Ubuntu-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBQNLroWgKSBZbd94Qe2N-2NmMIlTYWcEC6zmPEL2mWdhJ8O_T4YGKVijNrC3u_e3m4WgpXv_w5_i7xea1pO8MtrCJO6i5CUWwTHCHeP6hHojdD7wdvrNdLlaYVydCtB8pqbDPFi_R9N0h/s1600/How-To-Install-Host-Ghost-with-Nginx-on-Ubuntu-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before we start installing it on our VPS, we should make sure that we meet all requirements. We need to have our <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu server</a> operating properly, we need to point our domain to it and we have to obtain a copy of Ghost.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo apt-get update </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In order to install npm, we should execute the following command. These will install npm and all its prerequisites.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo apt-get install python-software-properties python g++ make # sudo add-apt-repository ppa:chris-lea/node.js # sudo apt-get update # sudo apt-get install nodejs </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now we should have npm installed. If we simply try to execute <span style="color: red;"><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">nom</code> </span>command, we should get its help information in the console. We are ready to install Ghost now.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cd ~ # wget https://ghost.org/zip/ghost-0.4.2.zip. # unzip ghost-0.4.2.zip # cd ghost-0.4.2 # npm install --production </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The next step is to install nginx. Nginx installation is pretty easy and straight forward:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo apt-get install nginx </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">That’s it, nginx is installed. Now we need to configure it. First, we change to nginx directory and remove the default configuration file and create a new one:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cd /etc/nginx/ # rm sites-enabled/default # cd sites-available # touch ghost </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then, we need to open <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/nginx/sites-available/ghost</span></code> in our favorite editor, and the paste the following content inside:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">server { listen 0.0.0.0:80; server_name **your-domain-name.com**; access_log /var/log/nginx/ghost.log; location / { proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header Host $http_host; proxy_set_header X-NginX-Proxy true; proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:2368; proxy_redirect off; } } </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Next, we need to create a symbolic link to activate the configuration.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/ghost /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ghost </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If we restart nginx and start ghost again, we should get Ghost welcome page in our browser. If that is the case, we are done with the installation. The last thing we need to do is to make us able to start/stop the Ghost service like any other server on Ubuntu, using service start and service stop commands. In order to do that we need to create new file in <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/init</span></code> directory.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cd /etc/init # edit ghost.conf </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and paste the following content in it:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, 'courier new', monospace; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># ghost # description "An Upstart task to make sure that my Ghost server is always running" # author "Your Name Here" start on startup script cd /root/ghost npm start end script</code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, courier new, monospace;"> </span></code></pre> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, courier new, monospace;">service ghost stop service ghost start service ghost restart </span></code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">That concludes the configuration. Now we have fully functional ghost server that will start automatically when system boots up. We can enjoy our blogging on a beautifully designed platform dedicated to that.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div> </div> </div>

How To Install and Host Ghost with Nginx on Ubuntu

Install & Host Ghost with Nginx on Ubuntu Ghost is an Open Source application which allows us to write and publish our own blog, g...

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How To Install and Use EasyEngine (ee) on Ubuntu

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;"> <u><span style="color: red;">Install and Use EasyEngine (ee) on Ubuntu</span></u></h1> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">EasyEngine (ee) is a <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Linux" target="_blank">linux </a>shell-script collection, which makes managing your WordPress and Nginx sites on an Ubuntu server easy and fun. EasyEngine makes it very easy to manage Nginx and we will no longer need to recall complex commands or depend on system administrators. As an interface for Nginx, EasyEngine is known to perform better and faster than Apache, particularly when the number of concurrent site visitors is on the rise.</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjSPhHU0P90hvQURr1K3fZxmkxpK4N3JmMoz__EBgtD_StRGXWP9PATEoSWd3GJrguHKfie42Iz3MNwxME0XPJy_tZIrtsrEewIfpwOui_1YnVL53xSH2fVrehL1T0dwGAICmhPSise73p/s1600/easyengine-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjSPhHU0P90hvQURr1K3fZxmkxpK4N3JmMoz__EBgtD_StRGXWP9PATEoSWd3GJrguHKfie42Iz3MNwxME0XPJy_tZIrtsrEewIfpwOui_1YnVL53xSH2fVrehL1T0dwGAICmhPSise73p/s1600/easyengine-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">Easy Engine would work on any <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Debian" target="_blank">Debian-based</a> distribution, but for these tutorial we are using Ubuntu. Most of the official tests are also done on Ubuntu. In order to install it our <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu server</a>, we need to have full root access. Installation process consists of several commands and it is actually pretty simple and straight forward:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># curl -sL rt.cx/ee | sudo bash # ee system install</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">The first command will install easy engine, and the second command will install all other required packages. EE will always install the latest stable version of the packages (Latest PHP, MySQL, etc.) During the installation we will get few prompts where we need to answer “yes” in order for the installation to complete. Once we have it installed, we can create new wordpress with the command:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># ee site create our-domain.com --wp </span></code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">This will create and install fresh and clean WordPress installation that will be accessible at http://our-domain.com. EasyEngine supports several types of WordPress websites as well as non WordPress websites. Here is a list of all websites and commands to create them:</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Standard WordPress Sites</u></span></strong></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">ee site create example.com --wp # install wordpress without any page caching ee site create example.com --w3tc # install wordpress with w3-total-cache plugin ee site create example.com --wpsc # install wordpress with wp-super-cache plugin ee site create example.com --wpfc # install wordpress + nginx fastcgi_cache</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Multisite WordPress with sub-directory</u></span></strong></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">ee site create example.com --wpsubdir # install wpmu-subdirectory without any page caching ee site create example.com --wpsubdir --w3tc # install wpmu-subdirectory with w3-total-cache plugin ee site create example.com --wpsubdir --wpsc # install wpmu-subdirectory with wp-super-cache plugin ee site create example.com --wpsubdir --wpfc # install wpmu-subdirectory + nginx fastcgi_cache</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Multisite WordPress with sub-domain</u></span></strong></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">ee site create example.com --wpsubdom # install wpmu-subdomain without any page caching ee site create example.com --wpsubdom --w3tc # install wpmu-subdomain with w3-total-cache plugin ee site create example.com --wpsubdom --wpsc # install wpmu-subdomain with wp-super-cache plugin ee site create example.com --wpsubdom --wpfc # install wpmu-subdomain + nginx fastcgi_cache</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Standard Website</u></span></strong></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">ee site create example.com --html # create example.com for static/html sites ee site create example.com --php # create example.com with php support ee site create example.com --mysql # create example.com with php & mysql support</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="color: #333333;">Different configuration options for EasyEngine can be set in the </span><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/easyengine/ee.conf</span></code><span style="color: #333333;"> file. We can choose to use remote MySQL host, set basic HTTP authentication, default username and password for new wordpress installations, etc. All we have to do is open the file and using our favorite text editor and do the changes. The file is very well documented.</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">Upgrading easy engine is the latest version is also very easy. If we are upgrading from easyengine 1.0 to 1.1 and above, we should use the command:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># /bin/bash If we are upgrading from version 1.1 and above we should use the command # ee update</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">This concludes the easy part, installation and configuration. According to EasyEngine created, the hardest part is the create WordPress page with high traffic and heavy enough to crash it. So, you can give it a try on your VPS.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div> </div>

How To Install and Use EasyEngine (ee) on Ubuntu

Install and Use EasyEngine (ee) on Ubuntu EasyEngine (ee) is a linux shell-script collection, which makes managing your WordPress and Ng...

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How to host multiple Ghost instances on a single server

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;"> <u><i><span style="color: red;">Multiple Ghost instances on a single server</span></i></u></h1> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ghost is great and simple to use blogging platform, with clean and easy to use interface, having just the options that every user need in order to create and maintain their blog. In this tutorial we will discuss how to have more ghost instance on a single <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu server</a>, each of them completely independent having its own content and specific settings. We are assuming that we already have one ghost single instance properly running for our domain <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">my-first-blog.com</code> using Nginx as web server.</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitYPBoJ9QmVjeIte7pihA9IARKjiBorS5MpyZ4QiWQwmJ5HGrC15LKBtE1KqFKjU64tJLPR_X3php-s_du1O8Gnyv5bN5TsgFYgQ6ipsFVTROdPnxibuYOWzXDGPhUjZXMx51JcWHZXJel/s1600/How-to-host-multiple-Ghost-instances-on-a-single-server-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitYPBoJ9QmVjeIte7pihA9IARKjiBorS5MpyZ4QiWQwmJ5HGrC15LKBtE1KqFKjU64tJLPR_X3php-s_du1O8Gnyv5bN5TsgFYgQ6ipsFVTROdPnxibuYOWzXDGPhUjZXMx51JcWHZXJel/s1600/How-to-host-multiple-Ghost-instances-on-a-single-server-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Before we proceed to add our second ghost instance, it is better if we stop the related servers that are running:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># service ghost stop # service nginx stop </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now that we have the services stopped, first we need to modify nginx configuration. While having one instance, we were using on default nginx configuration file for our website. Now, we must have separate configuration file for every ghost instance that we are going to host on our server. We change to nginx configuration folder and execute the following commands:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cd /etc/nginx/sites-enabled # mv default my-first-blog.com # cp my-first-blog.com my-second-blog.com </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now, we need to open both files using our favorite editor and edit the server_name directive to match our domain name. For the first file, we should have:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">server_name my-first-blog.com </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Similar, in the second file, we should have:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">server_name my-second-blog.com </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Another parameter that we need to change is the port on which nginx connects to ghost. By default, when we have one instance, all traffic is sent to one port. We can use any port number higher than 1024 that is currently not in use. Let’s pick the first one, 1025, open <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">my-second-blog.com</code> configuration file in our favorite editor and change to port parameter as follows:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">proxy_pass http://localhost:1025 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We are done with nginx configuration modification, so we can start Nginx</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># service nginx start </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now, we need to configure ghost. First, we need to go to the <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">/var/www</code> directory and create separate folder for each Ghost instance:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cd /var/www/ # mkdir my-first-blog.com # mkdir my-second-blog.com </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Then, we need to copy the content of the ghost directory in each of the newly created folders:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cp -r ghost my-first-blog.com # cp -r ghost my-second-blog.com </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Next, we need to locate <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">config.js</span></code> file which is inside <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">ghost/</span></code> directory. For the first site, file location is<code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/var/www/my-first-blog.com/ghost/config.js</span></code> and we need to change the URL parameter only, so it looks as follows:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">production: { url: 'http://my-first-blog.com' </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For the second blog, file location is <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/var/www/my-second-blog.com/ghost/config.js</span></code> and we need to change the URL and port parameter as well, so it looks as follows:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">production: { url: 'http://my-second-blog.com' ... port: '1025' </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now we are done with the configuration. We need to create a way to easy start/stop each Ghost instance. In order to do that, we will create separate file inside <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/init</span></code> directory for each instance. For example, for our first blog, we will have the file <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/init/ghost-my-first-blog.conf</span></code> with the following content:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">start on startup script cd /var/www/my-first-blog.com/ghost npm start --production end script </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Similar, for the second file, we will have the file <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/init/ghost-my-second-blog.conf</span></code> with the following content:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">start on startup script cd /var/www/my-second-blog.com/ghost npm start --production end script </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After this is saved, we can start the blogs with</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># service ghost-my-first-blog start # service ghost-my-second-blog start </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As long as we are using different port number, we can repeat this procedure as many times as we need and have multiple blog instances hosted on our server.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div> </div> </div>

How to host multiple Ghost instances on a single server

Multiple Ghost instances on a single server Ghost is great and simple to use blogging platform, with clean and easy to use interface, h...

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How to deploy a MariaDB Galera cluster on Ubuntu 14.04

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;"> <u><span style="color: red;">MariaDB Galera cluster on Ubuntu 14.04</span></u></h1> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We need at least 3 hosts running together with <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu</a> 14.04 Operating system to form a reliable cluster. The following is the hosts list that we had setup for this article, where we will deploy the <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/MariaDB" target="_blank">MariaDB </a>Galera cluster:</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZp3NsfUvKk5bxQEX92Ju6r9hezo2W9ihFiK4gS49APcOp8Fi7RzAh1VX8oOTBM4j5ObnzySAJ8F1JEwSQykSmZlnMT6pGKuSqUhi5_i6BsJjr-YiSEwssTIMeL6XW1mLUdPaWpYTPOML-/s1600/galera-overview-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZp3NsfUvKk5bxQEX92Ju6r9hezo2W9ihFiK4gS49APcOp8Fi7RzAh1VX8oOTBM4j5ObnzySAJ8F1JEwSQykSmZlnMT6pGKuSqUhi5_i6BsJjr-YiSEwssTIMeL6XW1mLUdPaWpYTPOML-/s1600/galera-overview-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">ubuntu-node1 172.25.10.21 ubuntu-node2 172.25.10.22 ubuntu-node3 172.25.10.23</code></pre> </div> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now we will install the its required packages <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">rsync</code>, <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">galera</code> and <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">mariadb-galera-server</code> that need to be installed on all the three nodes.</span></div> <h3 id="adding-repositories-and-packages" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Adding Repositories and Packages</span></u></h3> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now we will start by adding the repository for Ubuntu so, first add the key files for the MariaDB repository to build the trust between the maintainers of repositories and that we can install the required packages.</span></div> <h4 id="installing-the-gpg-key" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Installing the GPG key</span></h4> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Run the following command of all the three hosts to install its GPG key as follow.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">root@ubuntu-node1:~# apt-get install python-software-properties root@ubuntu-node2:~# apt-get install python-software-properties root@ubuntu-node3:~# apt-get install python-software-properties</code></pre> </div> <div> <h4 id="adding-apt-repository" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 10.5px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">Adding APT Repository</span></h4> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">Now to add its APT repository have to execute the below commands.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">root@ubuntu-node1:~# apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 0xcbcb082a1bb943db root@ubuntu-node2:~# apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 0xcbcb082a1bb943db root@ubuntu-node3:~# apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 0xcbcb082a1bb943db</code></pre> </div> <div> <h4 id="adding-ubuntu-repository" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 10.5px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">Adding Ubuntu Repository</span></h4> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now can add the Ubuntu repository as per required whether to use its repository as we have the trusted key in the database, let’s add the actual repository using following command on all the nodes.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">root@ubuntu-node1:~# add-apt-repository 'deb http://mirror.jmu.edu/pub/mariadb/repo/5.6/ubuntu trusty main' root@ubuntu-node2:~# add-apt-repository 'deb http://mirror.jmu.edu/pub/mariadb/repo/5.6/ubuntu trusty main' root@ubuntu-node3:~# add-apt-repository 'deb http://mirror.jmu.edu/pub/mariadb/repo/5.6/ubuntu trusty main' </code></pre> <h3 id="update-os-with-latest-repo" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">Update OS with Latest Repo</span></h3> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To get the latest repositories run the update command on the three nodes we are working on.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">root@ubuntu-node1:~# apt-get update root@ubuntu-node2:~# apt-get update root@ubuntu-node3:~# apt-get update </code></pre> <h2 id="installing-mariadb-cluster-galera-and-rsync" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Installing MariaDB Cluster, Galera and Rsync</u></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Let’s install the MariaDB and its related packages on each of the node with following command as:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">root@ubuntu-node1:~# apt-get install -y galera mariadb-galera-server-5.5 mariadb-client-5.5 libmariadbclient18 mariadb-client-core-5.5 rsync netcat-openbsd root@ubuntu-node2:~# apt-get install -y galera mariadb-galera-server-5.5 mariadb-client-5.5 libmariadbclient18 mariadb-client-core-5.5 rsync netcat-openbsd root@ubuntu-node3:~# apt-get install -y galera mariadb-galera-server-5.5 mariadb-client-5.5 libmariadbclient18 mariadb-client-core-5.5 rsync netcat-openbsd</code></pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9M3BvZjln0AQYD8QiFGCNhnpY0ubQj4gYoLGqoXzMtMGtD-rEaGukGAYJLVmKHVpWNR4WYd1u_OWEp183t7BHBQtRNni34M0Q0o7tVneix8b5Fc6US3EPpkfcl9pKA_seZTrv5PtIVvnX/s1600/galera-cluster-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9M3BvZjln0AQYD8QiFGCNhnpY0ubQj4gYoLGqoXzMtMGtD-rEaGukGAYJLVmKHVpWNR4WYd1u_OWEp183t7BHBQtRNni34M0Q0o7tVneix8b5Fc6US3EPpkfcl9pKA_seZTrv5PtIVvnX/s1600/galera-cluster-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">During the installation process you will be asked to configure the root password for the MariaDB, so make sure that you configured the same root password on all the three nodes.</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnZResmDrnHN7vNkVWLczkvNP27If-WBAXzRCT-ATrOgfV3VIvHPTnEXZo2qFlHtuUphA8LIR9uLwrIzBnz8RkLtHoxjsJpkAQAkqHOq3bjMYhkK1o8ASS8A8HZspZUZnUyvIQl2VNBJg_/s1600/mariadb-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnZResmDrnHN7vNkVWLczkvNP27If-WBAXzRCT-ATrOgfV3VIvHPTnEXZo2qFlHtuUphA8LIR9uLwrIzBnz8RkLtHoxjsJpkAQAkqHOq3bjMYhkK1o8ASS8A8HZspZUZnUyvIQl2VNBJg_/s1600/mariadb-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Once the installations of these packages are done, you will get a MariaDB server on each one of your three nodes but they aren’t yet configured.</span></div> <h2 id="configuring-mariadb-cluster" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">Configuring MariaDB Cluster</span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Let’s proceed with the configurations changes for the MariaDB Galera Cluster setup.</span></div> <h3 id="mysql-settings" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">MySQL Settings</span></h3> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">First of all open the <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">my.cnf</code> file and comment the following lines on all the three nodes.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">root@ubuntu-nodeX:~# vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf #bind-address = 127.0.0.1 #default_storage_engine = InnoDB #query_cache_limit = 128K #query_cache_size = 64M </code></pre> <h3 id="mariadb-settings" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">MariaDB Settings</span></h3> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now add following lines for wsrep configuration options in <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">my.cnf</code> file under <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">[mysqld]</code> directive as shown below.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">root@ubuntu-nodeX:~# vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf [mysqld] binlog_format=ROW default_storage_engine=innodb innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2 innodb_locks_unsafe_for_binlog=1 innodb_doublewrite=1 </code></pre> <h3 id="vsrep-providers-configurations" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">VSRep Providers Configurations</span></h3> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here we will configure the vsrep configurations on each node under the <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">[mysqld]</code> directory by adding the following lines in <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">/etc/mysql/my.cnf</code> file on each node with their specific hostnames, root password and IP address.</span></div> <h4 id="configurations-for-ubuntu-node1" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Configurations for <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 17.1px; padding: 2px 4px;">ubuntu-node1</code></span></h4> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[mysqld] wsrep_provider=/usr/lib/galera/libgalera_smm.so wsrep_provider_options="gcache.size=256M; gcache.page_size=128M" wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://ubuntu-node1 wsrep_cluster_name="MariaDB_Cluster" wsrep_node_address="ubuntu-node1" wsrep_node_name="ubuntu-node1" wsrep_sst_auth="root:root123" wsrep_node_incoming_address=172.25.10.21 wsrep_sst_receive_address=172.25.10.21 wsrep_slave_threads=16 </code></pre> <h4 id="configurations-for-ubuntu-node2" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Configurations For <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 17.1px; padding: 2px 4px;">ubuntu-node2</code></span></h4> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[mysqld] wsrep_provider=/usr/lib/galera/libgalera_smm.so wsrep_provider_options="gcache.size=256M; gcache.page_size=128M" wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://ubuntu-node1 wsrep_cluster_name="MariaDB_Cluster" wsrep_node_address="ubuntu-node2" wsrep_node_name="ubuntu-node2" wsrep_sst_auth="root:root123" wsrep_node_incoming_address=172.25.10.22 wsrep_sst_receive_address=172.25.10.22 wsrep_slave_threads=16 </code></pre> <h4 id="configurations-for-ubuntu-node3" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Configurations For <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 17.1px; padding: 2px 4px;">ubuntu-node3</code></span></h4> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[mysqld] wsrep_provider=/usr/lib/galera/libgalera_smm.so wsrep_provider_options="gcache.size=256M; gcache.page_size=128M" wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://ubuntu-node1 wsrep_cluster_name="MariaDB_Cluster" wsrep_node_address="ubuntu-node3" wsrep_node_name="ubuntu-node3" wsrep_sst_auth="root:root123" wsrep_node_incoming_address=172.25.10.23 wsrep_sst_receive_address=172.25.10.23 wsrep_slave_threads=16 </code></pre> <h3 id="restart-mysql-services" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">Restart MySQL Services</span></h3> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">After configuring the mysql and <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">wsrep</code> parameters we need to restart its service on all the node.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">root@ubuntu-node1:~# service mysql restart root@ubuntu-node2:~# service mysql restart root@ubuntu-node3:~# service mysql restart</code></pre> </div> <div> <h2 id="testing-mariadb-galera-cluster" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;">Testing MariaDB Galera Cluster</span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To confirm the status of MariaDB cluster VSRep, let’s login to the MariaDB console and execute the following command to check the output of give command.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">root@ubuntu-node1:~# mysql -u root –p MariaDB [(none)]> show status like 'wsrep_%';</code></pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC7bSAgKV5b8gD7cC02TgMOIKaOzOuDMQH81h7I3Fm_0EdiRZGzpp2oarlVQu3E22PQWplfxcOGG9A86Emx5TvMVpD0BOup03B1fTu33K9e7q0EdfH0Y46Yi_OSv8sk5GUfnHdd2dbu7yE/s1600/galera-mariadb-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC7bSAgKV5b8gD7cC02TgMOIKaOzOuDMQH81h7I3Fm_0EdiRZGzpp2oarlVQu3E22PQWplfxcOGG9A86Emx5TvMVpD0BOup03B1fTu33K9e7q0EdfH0Y46Yi_OSv8sk5GUfnHdd2dbu7yE/s1600/galera-mariadb-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">You can also confirm the status of your running cluster and its replication by running the below command on each of your node. You will see the cluster size in response to the output of that command.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">root@ubuntu-node1:~# mysql -u root -p -e 'SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE as "cluster size" FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.GLOBAL_STATUS WHERE VARIABLE_NAME="wsrep_cluster_size"' root@ubuntu-node2:~# mysql -u root -p -e 'SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE as "cluster size" FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.GLOBAL_STATUS WHERE VARIABLE_NAME="wsrep_cluster_size"' root@ubuntu-node3:~# mysql -u root -p -e 'SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE as "cluster size" FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.GLOBAL_STATUS WHERE VARIABLE_NAME="wsrep_cluster_size"'</code></pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0y63md-d0s8Vc1gDpaf731f1e-Fgut-xfGN1HLiElSlH4W5DvDEqP8bBsdx3LTysGDdUJfgLOQmLHoejpfaM0QoKPAmtr86uRVpjY9HSeFw7Aewag10P-Yh_dQ8MTin7tCl7RAjUP0_rG/s1600/use-galera-cluster-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0y63md-d0s8Vc1gDpaf731f1e-Fgut-xfGN1HLiElSlH4W5DvDEqP8bBsdx3LTysGDdUJfgLOQmLHoejpfaM0QoKPAmtr86uRVpjY9HSeFw7Aewag10P-Yh_dQ8MTin7tCl7RAjUP0_rG/s1600/use-galera-cluster-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></span></div> </div>

How to deploy a MariaDB Galera cluster on Ubuntu 14.04

MariaDB Galera cluster on Ubuntu 14.04 We need at least 3 hosts running together with Ubuntu 14.04 Operating system to form a reliable ...

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