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How to Install MariaDB On CentOS 6

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<span style="color: #660000; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Install MariaDB On CentOS 6</span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;">MariaDB</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> is a community-developed fork of the MySQL relational database management system, the impetus being the community maintenance of its free status under the GNU GPL. Being a fork of a leading open source software system, it is notable for being led by its original developers and triggered by concerns over direction by an acquiring commercial company Oracle</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZvWjf2im0TY93a7A8KGA0V-SkPtD5YpfMjN2QXn2duiNXM4FQcYUiC4aeU_M0Chfly9qjEV6C133P1tGPxAyj2jp1qQTrrlQLRf43ECkwqmf6vbNOaRMCLYj1C8OBlHNkEzlopemSjS8/s1600/MariaDB_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZvWjf2im0TY93a7A8KGA0V-SkPtD5YpfMjN2QXn2duiNXM4FQcYUiC4aeU_M0Chfly9qjEV6C133P1tGPxAyj2jp1qQTrrlQLRf43ECkwqmf6vbNOaRMCLYj1C8OBlHNkEzlopemSjS8/s1600/MariaDB_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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Step1: <span style="font-family: "lato" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;">Add repository on Centos 6 32-bit</span></h4>
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<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 15.6000003814697px;"># vi /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo</span></span></pre>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> and paste following line:</span></span></h4>
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<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 15.6000003814697px;">[mariadb]
 name = MariaDB
 baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/5.5/centos6-x86
 gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
 gpgcheck=1</span></span></pre>
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 <span style="font-family: "lato" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;">Add repository on Centos 6 64-bit</span></h4>
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<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 15.6000003814697px;">[mariadb]    
name = MariaDB
baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/5.5/centos6-amd64    
gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB   
gpgcheck=1</span></span></pre>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0379bf; font-family: "roboto slab"; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 30px; text-align: left;">Step2:</span><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Start Install</span></span></h4>
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<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 15.6000003814697px;"># yum install MariaDB-server MariaDB-client -y</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #0379bf; font-family: "roboto slab";"><span style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 30px;"> </span></span><span style="color: #0379bf; font-family: "roboto slab"; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 30px; text-align: left;">Step3: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0379bf; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 28.7999992370605px;">After complete installation process, start MariaDB :</span></h4>
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<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 15.6000003814697px;"># service mysql start</span></span></pre>
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 <span style="font-weight: bolder;">Step4: </span><span style="font-family: "lato" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;">Set MariaDB to start on boot:</span></h4>
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<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 15.6000003814697px;"># chkconfig mysql on</span></span></pre>
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<span style="font-weight: bolder;">Step5: </span><span style="font-family: "lato" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;">Secure MariaDB after installation to :</span></h4>
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<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 15.6000003814697px;">– Set (Change) root password
– Remove anonymous users
– Disallow root login remotely
– Remove test database and access to it
– Reload privilege tables</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 15.6000003814697px;">[root@Unixmen-centos65 Downloads]# mysql_secure_installation</span></span></pre>
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<span style="font-weight: bolder;">Step6: </span><span style="font-family: "lato" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;"> Check the new root password and databases:</span></h4>
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<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 15.6000003814697px;"># mysql -u root -p</span></span></pre>
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<span style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 30px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "roboto slab";">Result Bellow</span></span><span style="font-family: "lato" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; text-align: justify;">:</span></h4>
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<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="line-height: 15.6000003814697px;">Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 13
Server version: 5.5.34-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle, Monty Program Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]></span></span></pre>
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<a href="https://mariadb.com/">Click Here</a> For More Information About MariaDB</div>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/01/how-to-install-mariadb-10-on-centos-7.html">Installing MariaDB 10 on CentOS 7 / RHEL 7</a> </span></span></li>
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How to Install MariaDB On CentOS 6

Install MariaDB On CentOS 6 MariaDB is a community-developed fork of the MySQL relational database management system, the impetus bei...

What is ModSecurity and How to Install with Apache on CentOS/RHEL

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<h2 class="title single-title title20" style="-webkit-transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 28px; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #660000;">HWhat is ModSecurity and How to Install with Apache on CentOS/RHEL</span></h2>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ModSecurity</span> is a Web Application Firewall that execute as a Module on your Web Server and provides protection against various attacks to our web applications. It monitors HTTP traffic and performs real time analysis. It’s a product developed by Breach Security and is available a free software under the GNU License. It is Available for <span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apache</span>, <span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nginx</span> and <span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">IIS</span>.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIoA499Ma1AO7UoQJ1jYy6gpUyDZ55sYYLDG8AzhzkuZOeX0umVxETvYnUT3dJ-TuG0Ut1TXMDs5Lr6kknG7Z0X3YWrMxb1DC5F6rdQpN0CP9hrafCs1JkYTz1N1yT2fG25_J1xZUzhXQ/s1600/ModSecurity-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIoA499Ma1AO7UoQJ1jYy6gpUyDZ55sYYLDG8AzhzkuZOeX0umVxETvYnUT3dJ-TuG0Ut1TXMDs5Lr6kknG7Z0X3YWrMxb1DC5F6rdQpN0CP9hrafCs1JkYTz1N1yT2fG25_J1xZUzhXQ/s640/ModSecurity-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Module has several features.</span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Filtered Request:</span> The incoming HTTP Request or analyzed by the ModSecurity Module before passing it to the Web Service, these request are compared against a group of predefined rules to take the appropriate action.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Anti-Evasion Techniques:</span> Routes and Parameters are normalized before the analysis to prevent evasion techniques.</span></li>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eliminates multiple bars (//)</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eliminates directories referenced by itself (./)</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In Windows the \ and / are treated the same</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">URL Decoding</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Null Bytes replaced for spaces ()</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">HTTP protocol Understanding:</span> by understanding the HTTP Protocol, ModSecurity can perform specific and granular filtering.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Post Payload Analysis:</span> intercepts and analyse content transmitted using POST.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Audit Log:</span> It is possible to leave logs for further analysis.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">HTTPS Filtering:</span> since it works as an embedded module, ModSecurity has access to data after it has been decrypted.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Byte Range Check:</span> it detects and block Shellcodes, limiting the range of bytes.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Real Time Monitoring:</span> Besides logging all the HTTP Traffic, ModSecurity can monitor traffic in real time to detect attacks, meaning it works as an intrusion detection tool.</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">From Version 2 ModSecurity</span> added several additional functionality that are:</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Five phases of processing: Request header, Request Body. Response headers. Response Body and Logging</span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rules Transformation options</span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Transactional variables</span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Persistent Data ( Used of IP follow up, Application Sesions and users)</span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">XML Support</span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">IP Blocking</span></li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 30px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.modsecurity.org/" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">And More</a>,</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ModSecurity can be deployed and integrated in our current Web Servers infrastructure, meaning that we do not have to modify our internal Network, we don’t add any point of failure, we can benefit from load balancing and scalability and we would not have any issues with compress or encrypted Data.<br />ModSecurity is a valuable security tool and have proven to be effective. If we want to protect our web applications this is a tool the deserves your attention.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">How to Install ModSecurity and Get it Running in Linux CentOS/RHEL with Apache</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To install ModSecurity in a Linux Server running Centos or RHEL Derivative with the Apache web Service, we follow these steps as the root user.</span></div>
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Step 1: Install the EPEL Repository</h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Firstly add the EPEL rpm repository in your system using following command.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># rpm –ivh http://fedora.mirror.uber.com.au/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-7.noarch.rpm
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Step 2: Install ModSecurity and Predefined Rules</h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Let’s install mod_security apache modules with predefined rules of mod_security.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># yum install mod_security mod_security_crs
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Step 3: Activate the Module</h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Edit ModSecurity configuration file <span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/etc/httpd/conf.d/mod_security.conf</span> and look for the<span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">SecRuleEngine</span> Directive on the File and configured with the Desired Value.</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">On </span>– Rules are activated<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Off </span>– Rules are Deactivated<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">DetectionOnly</span> – Only Intercepts and logs Transactions</span></ul>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Since we want to Intercept and Block Attacks we configure it with <span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">On</span>.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"> SecRuleEngine <orange style="color: orange;">on</orange>
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Step 4: Restart Apache and Check</h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Now we restart the apache web services</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># service httpd restart
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To confirm that our web application firewall is working we should see something like this in our Apache error logs.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># tail /var/log/httpd/error_log
[Sat Mar15 16 09:20:58 2014] [notice] ModSecurity for Apache/2.7.3 (http://www.modsecurity.org/) configured.
[Sat Mar15 16 09:20:58 2014] [notice] ModSecurity: APR compiled version=”1.3.9″; loaded version=”1.3.9″
[Sat Mar15 16 09:20:58 2014] [notice] ModSecurity: PCRE compiled version=”7.8 “; loaded version=”7.8 2008-09-05″
[Sat Mar15 16 09:20:58 2014] [notice] ModSecurity: LUA compiled version=”Lua 5.1″
[Sat Mar15 16 09:20:58 2014] [notice] ModSecurity: LIBXML compiled version=”2.7.6″
<span style="font-size: 0.9em;">
</span></pre>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">Important files to Remember</span></h2>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mod Security Config File</span> – /etc/httpd/conf.d/mod_security.conf<br /><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Debug Log</span> – /var/log/httpd/modsec_debug.log<br /><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Audit log</span> – /var/log/httpd/modsec_audit.log<br /><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rules</span> – /etc/httpd/modsecurity.d/activated_rules</span></ul>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">References:<br /><a href="https://www.modsecurity.org/" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">https://www.modsecurity.org/</a><br /><a href="https://www.modsecurity.org/projects/modsecurity/apache/index.html" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">https://www.modsecurity.org/projects/modsecurity/apache/index.html</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>

What is ModSecurity and How to Install with Apache on CentOS/RHEL

HWhat is ModSecurity and How to Install with Apache on CentOS/RHEL ModSecurity is a Web Application Firewall that execute as a Module ...

Best Security Tips for LAMP Stack (Apache, MySQL and PHP) on Linux

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<span style="color: red;">Best Security Tips for LAMP Stack (Apache, MySQL and PHP) on Linux</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Many of new system administrators forgot to apply security, when configuring web hosting environment for production use with Apache, MySQL and PHP. I am trying to include all those security tips which we must be considered while preparing a new system for production use or any existing LAMP setup.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIZhiLjnflSl4yeA02RL_fY2tb19f5CHDIw1dLKcr5t4v3ae1i9M2RGy7QFgLSu1yh1wzXjRprgRIbsffqIqNP1ppK5uDb0kQoeBTHfGqveFJxYf-QcItYXlViWhNzCRrv2IRwgOYS7hWY/s1600/lamp-stack-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIZhiLjnflSl4yeA02RL_fY2tb19f5CHDIw1dLKcr5t4v3ae1i9M2RGy7QFgLSu1yh1wzXjRprgRIbsffqIqNP1ppK5uDb0kQoeBTHfGqveFJxYf-QcItYXlViWhNzCRrv2IRwgOYS7hWY/s1600/lamp-stack-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">All the configuration changes are used in this article will be updated in following configuration files as per your operating systems. In some cases configuration files path may change. So make change in appropriate files. After making changes restart related services to change take effect.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<ul style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/01/how-to-install-linux-apache-mysql-and.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: red;">Installing LAMP Stack on RHEL based systems</span></a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/01/how-to-install-lamp-apache-24-mysql-56.html" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Installing LAMP Stack on RHEL 7</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/01/how-to-install-php-54-apache-22-and.html" style="text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Install Apache2, MySQL and PHP5 on Ubuntu and Debian System</span></a></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For Ubuntu, Debian & LinuxMint:</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apache2:</span> /etc/apache2/apache2.conf<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PHP5:</span> /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini<br /><span style="border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">MySQL:</span> /etc/mysql/my.cnf</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For CentOS, RedHat & Fedora:</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apache:</span> /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf<br /><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PHP:</span> /etc/php.ini<br /><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">MySQL:</span> /etc/my.cnf</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">1. Hiding Version and OS Identity (Apache)</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The <span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ServerTokens</span> directive controls whether Server response header field which is sent back to clients. The ServerSignature configures the footer on server-generated documents. Edit Apache configuration file and update following directives as following.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"> ServerTokens <orange style="color: orange;">Prod</orange>
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<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"> ServerSignature <orange style="color: orange;">Off</orange>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">2. Disable Directory Listing (Apache)</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If directory listing is enabled in Apache. Then all the files and directories list will be shown on web page if no default document exists. Add following configuration in Apache to disable directory listing server wide.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><Directory />
    Options <orange style="color: orange;">-Indexes </orange>
</Directory>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After that you can enable listing per directory basis if required.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">3. Restricting File and Directory Access (Apache)</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Restricting access on basis of Directory, File and Location in Apache.</span></div>
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Restrict Directory</h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To restrict directory and files access from users, It will only allowed the ips are defined with Allow from.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><Directory "/home/user/public_html">
    Order <orange style="color: orange;">Deny,Allow</orange>
    Deny from <orange style="color: orange;">all</orange>
    Allow from <orange style="color: orange;">192.168.0.0/24</orange>
    Allow from <orange style="color: orange;">.hackthesec.co.in</orange>
</Directory>
</pre>
<h4 class="heading3" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 4px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
Restrict File</h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We can also restrict specific file using File directive like below.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><File data.xml>
    Order <orange style="color: orange;">deny,allow</orange>
    Deny from <orange style="color: orange;">all</orange>
</File>
</pre>
<h4 class="heading3" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 4px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Restrict Location</span></h4>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Location directive limits the scope of the enclosed directives by URL.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><Location /admin>
    Order <orange style="color: orange;">Deny,Allow</orange>
    Deny from <orange style="color: orange;">all</orange>
    Allow from <orange style="color: orange;">192.168.0.0/24</orange>
    Allow from <orange style="color: orange;">.hackthesec.co.in</orange>
</Location>
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">4. Disable Server Side Includes and CGI Execution (Apache)</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We can simply disable server-side includes and CGI execution by defining directory tag. Add below in Apache virtual host configuration file.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><Directory "/home/user/public_html">
   Options <orange style="color: orange;">-Includes -ExecCGI</orange>
</Directory>
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">5. Restrict PHP Information Leakage (PHP)</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By Default PHP installation exposes to the world that PHP is installed on the server, which includes the PHP version within the HTTP header (Eg:, X-Powered-By: PHP/5.4.20). Read More</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To hide this values from header edit php.ini and update below directive to Off</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">expose_php = <orange style="color: orange;">Off</orange>
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">6. Disable Remote Code Execution (PHP)</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If allow_url_fopen is enabled on your setup, It allows ile functions like file_get_contents() and the include and require statements which can retrieve data from http or ftp remote locations and execute their code.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"> allow_url_fopen=<orange style="color: orange;">Off</orange>
 allow_url_include=<orange style="color: orange;">Off</orange>
 
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">7. Disabling Dangerous PHP Functions (PHP)</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We can disable any php function using disable_functions directive in php configuration file. Disable all the functions which can be harmful and not used in applications.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">disable_functions =exec,shell_exec,passthru,system,popen,curl_exec,curl_multi_exec,parse_ini_file,show_source,proc_open,pcntl_exec
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">8. Limit PHP Access To File System (PHP)</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The open_basedir directive set the directories from which PHP is allowed to access files</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"> open_basedir="<orange style="color: orange;">/home/user/public_html</orange>"
 
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">9. Disable Unused PHP Modules (PHP)</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">PHP supports “Dynamic Extensions” to load in php environment. We can disable any unused module to load in system by changing configuration file name.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># cd /etc/php.d/
# mv oci8.ini oci8.ini.disable

</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">10. Enable Limits in PHP (PHP)</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To allow users to upload files of maximum size, update following configuration value.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"> upload_max_filesize = <orange style="color: orange;">2M</orange>  <green style="color: green;"># Maximum 2M of file user can upload</green>
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Maximum execution time of each script</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"> max_execution_time = <orange style="color: orange;">30</orange>  <green style="color: green;"># seconds</green>
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Maximum amount of time each script may spend parsing request data</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">max_input_time = <orange style="color: orange;">60</orange>  <green style="color: green;"># seconds</green>
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'roboto slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">
11. Restrict Remote MySQL Access (MySQL)</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If your application environment do not required to access database remotely, then disable all remote connections for database server. The easier way to do it force MySQL server to listen only on 127.0.0.1 (localhost).</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Edit MySQL configuration file and update following value.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"> bind-address=<orange style="color: orange;">127.0.0.1</orange>
 
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">
12. Disable use of LOCAL INFILE (MySQL)</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Enabling LOCAL INFILE can be dangerous for you system security. If LOCAL INFILE is enabled on server, a user can load any file ( like /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow ) to a table easily.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To disable this edit MySQL configuration file and add following value under [mysqld] section.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">[mysqld]
local-infile=<orange style="color: orange;">0</orange>
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">13. Create Application Specific User in MySQL (MySQL)</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Do not use mysql ‘root’ user for accessing database through application. It can be dangerous for your system. So make sure to create and use application specific user with limited access on application database only. To create mysql account use following command.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">root@hackthesec:~# <orange style="color: orange;">mysql -u root -p </orange>

mysql> CREATE USER '<orange style="color: orange;">myusr</orange>'@'<orange style="color: orange;">localhost</orange>' IDENTIFIED BY '<orange style="color: orange;">password</orange>';
mysql> GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE ON <orange style="color: orange;">mydb</orange>.* TO '<orange style="color: orange;">myusr</orange>'@'<orange style="color: orange;">localhost</orange>' IDENTIFIED BY '<orange style="color: orange;">password</orange>';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">14. Improve Security with mysql_secure_installation (MySQL)</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After installing MySQL mysql_secure_installation command is very useful for securing MySQL server. This command will also enable password protection on root user.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">root@hackthesec:~# <orange style="color: orange;">mysql_secure_installation </orange>

"Only required output is showing below. In actual you will see more output on-screen"

Change the root password? [Y/n] <orange style="color: orange;">y</orange>
New password: **********
Re-enter new password: **********

Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] <orange style="color: orange;">y</orange>
Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] <orange style="color: orange;">y</orange>
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] <orange style="color: orange;">y</orange>
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] <orange style="color: orange;">y</orange>

Best Security Tips for LAMP Stack (Apache, MySQL and PHP) on Linux

Best Security Tips for LAMP Stack (Apache, MySQL and PHP) on Linux Many of new system administrators forgot to apply security, when conf...

How to Setup DNS (Bind) Server on CentOS/RHEL 7/6/5

dnssec-enable yes;
        dnssec-validation yes;
        dnssec-lookaside auto;

/* Path to ISC DLV key */
        bindkeys-file "/etc/named.iscdlv.key";

managed-keys-directory "/var/named/dynamic";
};

logging {
        channel default_debug {
                file "data/named.run";
                severity dynamic;
        };
};

zone "." IN {
        type hint;
        file "named.ca";
};

zone "<span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">" IN {</span>
        type master;
        file "/var/named/<span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">.db";</span>
};

include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
include "/etc/named.root.key";
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 3 – Create Zone File for Your Domain</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After creating bind main configuration file, create a zone file for you domain as per configuration, for example <span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hackthesec.co.in.db</span> in this article.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># vim /var/named/chroot/var/named/hackthesec.co.in.db
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Content for the zone file</div>
<pre class="pretty" style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(240, 240, 240); border-left-color: rgb(116, 183, 63); border-left-width: 3px; border-radius: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 8px 20px 8px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;">; Zone file for <span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span>
$TTL 14400
@      86400    IN      SOA     ns1.<span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">. webmaster.</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">. (</span>
                3013040200      ; serial, todays date+todays
                86400           ; refresh, seconds
                7200            ; retry, seconds
                3600000         ; expire, seconds
                86400          ; minimum, seconds
      )
<span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span>. 86400 IN NS ns1.<span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>
<span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span>. 86400 IN NS ns2.<span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>
<span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span>. IN A 192.168.0.100
<span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span>. IN MX 0 mail.<span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>
mail      IN CNAME <span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>
www      IN CNAME <span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">.</span></pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If you are having more domain, its required to create zone files for each domain individually.</div>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 4 – Add More Domains</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
To add more domains in dns, create zone files individually for all domain as above. After that add any entry for all zones in named.conf like below. Change <span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hackthesec.co.in </span> with your domain name.</div>
<pre class="pretty" style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(240, 240, 240); border-left-color: rgb(116, 183, 63); border-left-width: 3px; border-radius: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 8px 20px 8px 18px; vertical-align: baseline;">zone "<span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">hackthesec.co.in</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.5em;">" IN {</span>
        type master;
        file "/var/named/hackthesec.co.in.db";
};
</pre>
<h2 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 5 – Start Bind Service</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Start named (bind) service using following command.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># service named restart
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Enable auto start on system boot.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># chkconfig named on
</pre>
<h5 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 6 – Test Your DNS Setup</span></h5>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Send query to your dns server directly using below command.<br />Syntax: nslookup <domainname> <dns server name/ip></span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># <orange style="color: orange;">nslookup hackthesec.co.in <span style="color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em;">192.168.0.200</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em;"> </span></orange>

Server:         192.168.0.200
Address:        <span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em;">192.168.0.200</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em;">#53</span>

Name:   hackthesec.co.in
Address: 192.168.0.100
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Above output is showing that dns server has successfully resolved domain hackthesec.co.in</span></div>
</div>
</div>

How to Setup DNS (Bind) Server on CentOS/RHEL 7/6/5

How to Setup DNS (Bind) Server on CentOS/RHEL 7/6/5 The DNS (Domain Name System) is a distributed system, used for translate domain n...

How To Install Linux Apache MySQL and PHP (LAMP) Stack on CentOS, RHEL

<orange style="color: orange;">CentOS/RHEL 6, 64 Bit:</orange>
# rpm -Uvh http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
# rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm

<orange style="color: orange;">CentOS/RHEL 5, 32 Bit:</orange>
# rpm -Uvh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm
# rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-5.rpm

<orange style="color: orange;">CentOS/RHEL 5, 64 Bit:</orange>
# rpm -Uvh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/x86_64/epel-releas5-4.noarch.rpm
# rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-5.rpm
</pre>
<h5 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 2: Install Apache ( httpd ) using Yum</span></h5>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After adding EPEL and Remi repository in our system. Lets use following command to install latest available Apache package.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># yum --enablerepo=remi install httpd
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After installing Apache, start Apache service using following command and enable auto start on system reboot.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># service httpd start
# chkconfig httpd on
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Now point your browser to localhost on port 80, you will get default Apache page</span></div>
<h5 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 3: Install MySQL 5.5 using Yum</span></h5>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Now you have successfully installed Apache server. Lets install MySQL server and client using yum package manager with following command. Also you can use <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/01/how-to-install-mysql-5615-on-centos-6.html" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">This tutorial</span></a> to install MySQL 5.6 on your system.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># yum --enablerepo=remi install mysql mysql-server
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After installing MysQL server packages, start the service and execute following command for applying initial security. Execute below command and follow the instructions.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># service mysqld start
# /usr/bin/mysql_secure_installation
</pre>
<h5 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 4: Install PHP 5.4</span></h5>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After comleting installation of Apache and MySQL finally we need to install PHP. Use the following command to install latest PHP version.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># yum --enablerepo=remi install php php-common
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Also install required PHP libraries used for your application, Few of useful libraries are listed below.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># yum --enablerepo=remi install php-common php-cli php-mysql php-devel
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PHP_libraries" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none;">this link</a> for more details about these libraries and more php libraries.</span></div>
<h5 class="heading1" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 34px; margin: 45px 0px 12px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 5: Start Services</span></h5>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Finally start Apache and MySQL services using following commands and setup them to auto start on system boot.</span></div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); color: white; font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"># service httpd restart
# chkconfig httpd on
# service mysqld restart
# chkconfig mysqld on
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>*</b>You have successfully configured Web hosting environment on your RedHat based system.</span></div>
</div>
</div>