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How to Block abusive IP addresses using IPTABLES Firewall in Debian/Ubuntu

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<h1 class="entry-title" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; line-height: 1.1; margin: 20px 0px 10px;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;"><u>Blocking abusive IP addresses using IPTABLES Firewall</u></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">In computing, a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another outside network, such as the Internet, that is assumed to not be secure or trusted. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Firewalls are often categorized as either network firewalls or host-based firewalls. Network firewalls are a software appliance running on general purpose hardware or hardware-based firewall computer appliances that filter traffic between two or more networks. Host-based firewalls provide a layer of software on one host that controls network traffic in and out of that single machine</span></span></div>
<div>
<div style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">
<ul style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; text-align: left;">
<li>Flushing the old firewall rules</li>
<li>Determining service ports</li>
<li>Setting-up default policies</li>
<li>Setting-up your firewall rules</li>
<li>Saving your firewall rules</li>
</ul>
<div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">BLOCKING IPs USING IPTABLES</span></u></b></span></div>
<div style="color: #222222;">
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">To block some abusive IP address or range of IPs, you can use the following iptables rules:</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">## iptables -I INPUT -s 1.2.3.4 -j DROP
## iptables -I INPUT -s 1.2.0.0/16 -j DROP</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>CREATING THE BLACKLIST</u></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">For better readability and maintenance, it is a good idea to have all abusing IPs in one particular file, for example <b>/etc/blacklist.ips</b>. This way, you can add the IP addresses or subnets in this file (one IP or subnet per line) and use the <b>fwall-rules</b> script below to block anything listed in this file.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">So, create or edit <b>/usr/local/bin/fwall-rules </b>and make it as follows:</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">#!/bin/bash
#
# iptables firewall script
# 
#

IPTABLES=/sbin/iptables
BLACKLIST=/etc/blacklist.ips

echo " * flushing old rules"
${IPTABLES} --flush
${IPTABLES} --delete-chain
${IPTABLES} --table nat --flush
${IPTABLES} --table nat --delete-chain

echo " * setting default policies"
${IPTABLES} -P INPUT DROP
${IPTABLES} -P FORWARD DROP
${IPTABLES} -P OUTPUT ACCEPT

echo " * allowing loopback devices"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
${IPTABLES} -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT

${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp ! --syn -m state --state NEW -j DROP
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

## BLOCK ABUSING IPs HERE ##
#echo " * BLACKLIST"
#${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -s _ABUSIVE_IP_ -j DROP
#${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -s _ABUSIVE_IP2_ -j DROP

echo " * allowing ssh on port 5622"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 5622  -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing ftp on port 21"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 21  -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing dns on port 53 udp"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing dns on port 53 tcp"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing http on port 80"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80  -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing https on port 443"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing smtp on port 25"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 25 -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing submission on port 587"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 587 -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing imaps on port 993"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 993 -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing pop3s on port 995"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 995 -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing imap on port 143"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 143 -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing pop3 on port 110"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 110 -j ACCEPT

echo " * allowing ping responses"
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -p ICMP --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT

# DROP everything else and Log it
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -j LOG
${IPTABLES} -A INPUT -j DROP

#
# Block abusing IPs 
# from ${BLACKLIST}
#
if [[ -f "${BLACKLIST}" ]] && [[ -s "${BLACKLIST}" ]]; then
    echo " * BLOCKING ABUSIVE IPs"
    while read IP; do
        ${IPTABLES} -I INPUT -s "${IP}" -j DROP
    done < <(cat "${BLACKLIST}")
fi

#
# Save settings
#
echo " * SAVING RULES"

if [[ -d /etc/network/if-pre-up.d ]]; then
    if [[ ! -f /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/iptables ]]; then
        echo -e "#!/bin/bash" > /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/iptables
        echo -e "test -e /etc/iptables.rules && iptables-restore -c /etc/iptables.rules" >> /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/iptables
        chmod +x /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/iptables
    fi
fi

iptables-save > /etc/fwall.rules
iptables-restore -c /etc/fwall.rules</pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">make sure the script is executable by adding an ‘x’ bit to it:</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># chmod +x /usr/local/bin/fwall-rules</span></span></pre>
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<div style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><div>
<b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">APPLYING THE RULES</span></u></b></div>
<div style="color: #222222;">
To apply the firewall rules and block the abusers, you need to just execute the fwall-rules script and that’s it.</div>
</span></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"># fwall-rules
 * flushing old rules
 * setting default policies
 * allowing loopback devices
 * allowing ssh on port 5622
 * allowing ftp on port 21
 * allowing dns on port 53 udp
 * allowing dns on port 53 tcp
 * allowing http on port 80
 * allowing https on port 443
 * allowing smtp on port 25
 * allowing submission on port 587
 * allowing imaps on port 993
 * allowing pop3s on port 995
 * allowing imap on port 143
 * allowing pop3 on port 110
 * allowing ping responses
 * BLOCKING ABUSIVE IPs
 * SAVING RULES</pre>
<pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://wwww.hackthesec.co.in/">wwww.hackthesec.co.in</a>
</pre>
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How to Block abusive IP addresses using IPTABLES Firewall in Debian/Ubuntu

Blocking abusive IP addresses using IPTABLES Firewall In computing, a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls t...

How to Configure Apache 2 to Control Browser Caching

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<h1 class="entry-title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: proxima-nova, sans-serif; line-height: 3.4rem; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;"><u>Configure Apache 2 to Control Browser Caching</u></span></h1>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">In computing, a cache is a component that stores data so future requests for that data can be served faster; the data stored in a cache might be the result of an earlier computation, or the duplicate of data stored elsewhere. A cache hit occurs when the requested data can be found in a cache, while a cache miss occurs when it cannot. Cache hits are served by reading data from the cache, which is faster than recomputing a result or reading from a slower data store; thus, the more requests can be served from the cache, the faster the system performs</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGE0vFboU1RDlM2PymdSZ-OcIBmeu9LR2NYStOGsALIanAfrMFGIm5dH2H6qspA3FbDxvdiA11sZuVlASLc-HdtoGAdz5umTyNhUDcCUX0xPQt1qT_rBqD-LbBWymn4wm9sKududWUrk2W/s1600/HTTP-caching-last-modified_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGE0vFboU1RDlM2PymdSZ-OcIBmeu9LR2NYStOGsALIanAfrMFGIm5dH2H6qspA3FbDxvdiA11sZuVlASLc-HdtoGAdz5umTyNhUDcCUX0xPQt1qT_rBqD-LbBWymn4wm9sKududWUrk2W/s1600/HTTP-caching-last-modified_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Caching, as it pertains to hosting a website, is the temporary storage of content. This content could be images, files, bits of <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/PHP">PHP</a> scripts that are precompiled, HTML pages, results of database queries, and other web objects.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><div>
<b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step #1: Verify Modules</span></u></b></div>
<div style="color: #222222;">
Apache must be configured with the appropriate modules to leverage browser caching.</div>
<div style="color: #222222;">
Let’s check for mod_expires (expires_module) first:</div>
</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">apachectl -M | grep expires</span></span></pre>
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<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">should return:</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">expires_module (shared)</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Then let’s check for mod_headers (headers_module):</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">apachectl -M | grep headers</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">should return:</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">headers_module (shared)</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><b><u>Step #2: Examples of Directives</u></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">This code can be placed in the <b>.htaccess</b> files for specific directories, or in your root web directory, but we suggest placing it in your <b>httpd.conf</b>.</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"><IfModule mod_expires.c>
# Turn on the module.
ExpiresActive on
# Set the default expiry times.
ExpiresDefault "access plus 2 days"
ExpiresByType image/jpg "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType text/javascript "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType text/css "now plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/ico "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access plus 1 month"
ExpiresByType text/html "access plus 600 seconds"
</IfModule></span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The default expiration (ExpiresDefault) is set to 2 days.</li>
<li>Images expire after 1 month.</li>
<li>CSS and JavaScript also expire after 1 month.</li>
<li>HTML expires after 10 minutes (600 seconds).</li>
</ul>
</div>
</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step #3: Implement Directives</span></u></b></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
The above directives can be implemented easily. If you’re not already, <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/SSH">SSH</a> into your server as root. Then edit the <b>httpd.conf</b> file..</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf</span></span></pre>
</div>
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Find a section that looks like this:</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># Further relax access to the default document root:
<Directory "/var/www/html"></span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
The section above (in this case) is the default document root. Add the expiration directives between <b><Directory “/var/www/html”> and </Directory>.</b></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<b><u>Then restart Apache</u></b></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">systemctl restart httpd</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Full details for mod_expires can be found in the <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/mod_expires.html">Apache Documentation</a>.</span></span></div>
</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></div>
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How to Configure Apache 2 to Control Browser Caching

Configure Apache 2 to Control Browser Caching In computing, a cache is a component that stores data so future requests for that data can...

RHEL 7.1 Kernel - iowarrior driver Crash PoC

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RHEL 7.1 Kernel - iowarrior driver Crash PoC</h1>
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<table class="exploit_list" style="background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239) !important; border-radius: 3px !important; border-spacing: 1px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221) !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 1px !important; width: 650px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">CVE:</strong> <a class="external" href="http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2016-2188" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: background-color, box-shadow, border, color, opacity;" target="_blank">2016-2188</a></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /><span class="fa fa-times" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Author:</strong> OpenSource Security</td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td><td colspan="2" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Download Exploit:</strong> <a href="https://www.exploit-db.com/download/39556" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: background-color, box-shadow, border, color, opacity;"><span class="fa fa-file-code-o" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span> Source</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></td></tr>
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RHEL 7.1 Kernel - iowarrior driver Crash PoC

RHEL 7.1 Kernel - iowarrior driver Crash PoC CVE: 2016-2188 Author: OpenSource Security Download Exploit: Source www.hackth...

RHEL 7.1 Kernel - snd-usb-audio Crash PoC

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<h1 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #555555; font-family: 'Noto Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 38px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; text-align: center;">
RHEL 7.1 Kernel - snd-usb-audio Crash PoC</h1>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij1J2ylhbxBPxzhUTbFf-OMd81ciucqFVzDw3uukYtml-4RBwDbrzz25RYhBiIpqdksD23SXKIAJURVtyUyacErO_C5l9iIUxaF82QXmCYdrzz_Z67t0GswlcZAXhtIrfeMs5cWdXpPlKV/s1600/Linux-Kernel-exploit-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij1J2ylhbxBPxzhUTbFf-OMd81ciucqFVzDw3uukYtml-4RBwDbrzz25RYhBiIpqdksD23SXKIAJURVtyUyacErO_C5l9iIUxaF82QXmCYdrzz_Z67t0GswlcZAXhtIrfeMs5cWdXpPlKV/s1600/Linux-Kernel-exploit-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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<table class="exploit_list" style="background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239) !important; border-radius: 3px !important; border-spacing: 1px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221) !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 1px !important; width: 650px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">CVE:</strong> <a class="external" href="http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2016-2184" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: background-color, box-shadow, border, color, opacity;" target="_blank">2016-2184</a></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Author:</strong> OpenSource Security<span class="fa fa-times" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Download Exploit:</strong> <a href="https://www.exploit-db.com/download/39555" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: background-color, box-shadow, border, color, opacity;"><span class="fa fa-file-code-o" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"></span> Source</a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></td><td colspan="2" style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px;"><br /></td></tr>
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RHEL 7.1 Kernel - snd-usb-audio Crash PoC

RHEL 7.1 Kernel - snd-usb-audio Crash PoC CVE: 2016-2184 Author: OpenSource Security Download Exploit: Source www.hackthese...

How To Retrieve or Reset the Root MySQL Password

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<h1 class="entry-title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: proxima-nova, sans-serif; line-height: 3.4rem; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;"><u>Retrieve or Reset the Root MySQL Password</u></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">MySQL AB was a software company that was founded in 1995. It was acquired by Sun Microsystems in 2008; Sun was in turn acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">This is a quick tutorial how to reset your <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Mysql_Database">MySQL</a> root password. It does require root access on your server. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5sGSkdiY6rimv0IB8iREbyy1vyE5VOacsLnlh5LPLdoInHSPOaxVR6h0TApVBc3Zh5ovP0Cfr-XsJn1tFthuOYMnwyYupGoPn3zjvrfrowqAwqbs32Qj4qTAIiFnKjAM7v6E7TLETS7el/s1600/reset-mysql-root-password-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5sGSkdiY6rimv0IB8iREbyy1vyE5VOacsLnlh5LPLdoInHSPOaxVR6h0TApVBc3Zh5ovP0Cfr-XsJn1tFthuOYMnwyYupGoPn3zjvrfrowqAwqbs32Qj4qTAIiFnKjAM7v6E7TLETS7el/s1600/reset-mysql-root-password-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step #1</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Stop MySQL:</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">service mysql stop</span></span></pre>
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<b style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><u>Step #2</u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Start MySQL in single-user mode, bypassing password authorization, by pasting in the command below (the ampersand is required):</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &</span></span></pre>
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<b style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><u>Step #3</u></b></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Now type "mysql" to connect:</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">mysql</span></span></pre>
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<b style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><u>Step #4</u></b></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">At the mysql prompt, change the root password using the following three commands:</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password("YourNewStrongPassword") WHERE user='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
exit;</span></span></pre>
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<b style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><u>Step #4</u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Now stop MySQL and start it in normal mode:</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">service mysql stop
service mysql start</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><div>
<b style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Step #5</u></b></div>
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Verify that you are able to connect to MySQL by entering "mysql".</div>
</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><div>
<b style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Step #6</u></b></div>
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Finally, update the MySQL root password in<b> /etc/.my.cnf</b> to match the new value. You can use vi, vim or nano:</div>
</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">vi /root/.my.cnf</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Recovering the Root MySQL Password on a cPanel server</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">The root <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Mysql">MySQL</a> credentials are stored locally in a file that only the root user can access. After you’ve connected to the server as root via <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/SSH">SSH</a>, you can view the credentials by running the following command:</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: trebuchet ms, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">cat /root/.my.cnf</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">That should output a result containing the MySQL password, which will appear similar to the following:</span></span></div>
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<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, courier new, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[root@host ~]# cat /root/.my.cnf
[client]
password=#@hackthesec
user=root</span></span></pre>
<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, courier new, monospace;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a>
<a href="https://www.twitter.com/Hackthesecurity">https://www.twitter.com/Hackthesecurity</a>
<a href="http://facebook.com/htsecu">http://facebook.com/htsecu</a>
<a href="http://feeds.hackthesec.co.in/hackthesec">http://feeds.hackthesec.co.in/hackthesec</a></span></span></pre>
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How To Retrieve or Reset the Root MySQL Password

Retrieve or Reset the Root MySQL Password MySQL AB was a software company that was founded in 1995. It was acquired by Sun Microsystems ...

How to Checking or Repairing a File System using fsck in Linux

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<h1 class="eb-entry-title reset-heading  " id="title-1730" itemprop="name headline" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: medium none; box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; width: auto;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;"><u>Checking or Repairing a File System using fsck</u></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">The system utility fsck (for "file system consistency check") is a tool for checking the consistency of a file system in <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Unix">Unix</a> and Unix-like operating systems, such as <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Linux%20Tutorial">Linux</a> and OS X</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3zA_Ce2jkt8KJpCnN8_jrHnY76tM9fEnkCvmfj6HKjsIWOHjBMbUc1BDB-Qobhy1-B3PRUC-OfW1e9XWG8eNyUmK4L90VMmVO02IV41GzJLJB7PUmWz00U3PElrRnieIL6csOsnO85Gg/s1600/fsck-check-filesystem-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT3zA_Ce2jkt8KJpCnN8_jrHnY76tM9fEnkCvmfj6HKjsIWOHjBMbUc1BDB-Qobhy1-B3PRUC-OfW1e9XWG8eNyUmK4L90VMmVO02IV41GzJLJB7PUmWz00U3PElrRnieIL6csOsnO85Gg/s1600/fsck-check-filesystem-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Firstly, we can change the number to 50, which chooses how often you want the check performed.</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># tune2fs -c 50 /dev/hda1</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">1 makes it scan at every boot, </span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># tune2fs -c 1 /dev/hda1</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">0 stops scanning altogether</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># tune2fs -c 0 /dev/hda1</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">What /etc/fstab lines mean?</span></u></b></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
We have the following mounts</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">/dev/nvme0n1 / ext4 defaults 1 1  
/dev/nvme1n1 /home ext4 defaults 1 2</span></span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<b><u>Defined as:</u></b></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>0 = Do not check.</li>
<li>1 = First file system (partition) to check;<br /> / (root partition) should be set to 1.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">
<ul style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; text-align: left;">
<li>2 = ALL OTHER file systems to be checked.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Not recommended you could disable checks all together but using the below mounts, changing 1 to 0 like example.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">/dev/nvme0n1 / ext4 defaults 0 1
/dev/nvme1n1 /home ext4 defaults 0 2</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
Changing to 0 would disable disk checks.</div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
Another was to check a hard drive is by touching a file called forcefsck, then reboot to check a disk.</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Creating a forcefsck file triggers the file system to check hard disks after a restart, type below: </span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># touch /forcefsck</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
I noticed this doesn't always work depending on your distributions and checkroot scripts during initial bootup.</div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
There is also the -i switch to set an interval before the check if you prefer.</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># tune2fs -c 50 -i 1m /dev/nvme0n1</span></span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b>How do you get the information from the drive on how many restarts will the fsck run?</b></span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdb1 | grep -i 'mount count'</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Outpur : -</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "menlo" , "monaco" , "consolas" , "courier new" , monospace;"><span style="line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;">dumpe2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Mount count:              26
Maximum mount count:      31</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">On <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Debian">Debian</a>, <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> or <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/LinuxMint">Linux Mint</a>, edit /etc/default/rcS as follows.</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># vim /etc/default/rcS</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Automatically repair filesystems with inconsistencies during boot</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">FSCKFIX=yes</pre>
</div>
<div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>Note:</b> </span><span style="color: red;">FSCKFIX=yes doesn't trigger automatic filesystem check on boot, it just attempts to fix all the errors automatically if fsck is triggered. </span></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
On <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos">CentOS</a>, edit /etc/sysconfig/autofsck (or create it if it doesn't exist) with the following content.</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># vim /etc/sysconfig/autofsck</span></span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Add following line:</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">AUTOFSCK_DEF_CHECK=yes</pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Checking file system state:</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># tune2fs -l /dev/nvme0n1 | grep -i state</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Output:-</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">Filesystem state:clean</pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Listing all other attributes</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># tune2fs -l /dev/nvme0n1</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Output:-</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "menlo" , "monaco" , "consolas" , "courier new" , monospace;"><span style="line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;">tune2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem volume name:   <none>
Last mounted on:          <not available>
Filesystem UUID:          ca04ea89-dd64-4e57-a5a2-a9cfff610da0
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery sparse_super large_file
Default mount options:    acl
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              61063168
Block count:              122096646
Reserved block count:     6104832
Free blocks:              119393584
Free inodes:              61062869
First block:              0
Block size:               4096
Fragment size:            4096
Reserved GDT blocks:      994
Blocks per group:         32768
Fragments per group:      32768
Inodes per group:         16384
Inode blocks per group:   512
Filesystem created:       Fri Feb  5 04:42:53 2016
Last mount time:          Tue Mar 15 02:03:45 2016
Last write time:          Tue Mar 15 02:03:45 2016
Mount count:              26
Maximum mount count:      31
Last checked:             Fri Feb  5 04:42:53 2016
Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)
Next check after:         Wed Aug  3 05:42:53 2016
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:               128
Journal inode:            8
Default directory hash:   tea
Directory Hash Seed:      d757b293-691f-4220-890e-70cda6889cc8
Journal backup:           inode blocks</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "menlo" , "monaco" , "consolas" , "courier new" , monospace; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.42857; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Schedule  File System Checks Monthly</u></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Force filesystem check for every 1 months, use the command below.</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># tune2fs -i 1m /dev/nvme0n1</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Output:-</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "menlo" , "monaco" , "consolas" , "courier new" , monospace; line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;">tune2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "menlo" , "monaco" , "consolas" , "courier new" , monospace;"><span style="line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 
Setting interval between checks to </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "menlo" , "monaco" , "consolas" , "courier new" , monospace; line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;">15552000</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "menlo" , "monaco" , "consolas" , "courier new" , monospace; line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> seconds</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Now verify the scheduled monthly disk check.</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"># tune2fs -l /dev/nvme0n1 | grep -i interval</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Output:-</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "menlo" , "monaco" , "consolas" , "courier new" , monospace;"><span style="line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Check interval:           15552000 (1 months)</span></span></pre>
<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: normal; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "menlo" , "monaco" , "consolas" , "courier new" , monospace;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/" style="line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;">www.hackthesec.co.in</a><span style="line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><a href="https://www.twitter.com/Hackthesecurity" style="line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.twitter.com/Hackthesecurity</a><span style="line-height: 18.5714px; white-space: pre-wrap;">
<a href="http://facebook.com/htsecu">http://facebook.com/htsecu</a>
<a href="http://feeds.hackthesec.co.in/hackthesec">http://feeds.hackthesec.co.in/hackthesec</a></span></span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>

How to Checking or Repairing a File System using fsck in Linux

Checking or Repairing a File System using fsck The system utility fsck (for "file system consistency check") is a tool for che...

How to Install ProFTPD on CentOS 6

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="entry-title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: proxima-nova, sans-serif; line-height: 3.4rem; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><u>Install ProFTPD on CentOS 6</u></span></h1>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<b style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">ProFTPD </b><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">(short for Pro FTP daemon) is an </span><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/ftp" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">FTP server</a><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">. ProFTPD is Free and open-source software, compatible with Unix-like systems and Microsoft Windows (via Cygwin). Along with </span><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/vsftp" style="color: #999999; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; text-decoration: none;">vsftpd</a><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"> and Pure-FTPd, ProFTPD is among the most popular FTP servers in </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px; text-align: center;">
<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr45fLBm5B3qr3E_CEJ5KuZUrSdFkVs80KSv10Df6qJ6nUOVi87vnMY5LJDD7YL9QuqqK26UAfgpgxrqSMKsHMQ-kx54qElbc6d-6Iwn75dk9isdDXrxkmkjMepG2ZgBtZ80wDXGTqTLCY/s1600/proftpd-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" style="border: 1px solid rgb(192, 192, 192); height: auto; max-width: 95%; padding: 4px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<span style="color: #222222; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Unix-like environments today. Compared to those, which focus e.g. on simplicity, speed or security, ProFTPD's primary design goal is to be a highly feature rich FTP server, exposing a large amount of configuration options to the user</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19.2px;">
<strong style="line-height: 19.2px;"><a class="titlex" href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/03/how-to-install-proftpd-on-centos-7.html" style="display: block; font-family: 'Open Sans', serif, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 5px 0px 0px; max-height: 36px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none;"></a><ul style="text-align: left;"><a class="titlex" href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/03/how-to-install-proftpd-on-centos-7.html" style="display: block; font-family: 'Open Sans', serif, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 5px 0px 0px; max-height: 36px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none;"></a>
<li><a class="titlex" href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/03/how-to-install-proftpd-on-centos-7.html" style="display: block; font-family: 'Open Sans', serif, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 5px 0px 0px; max-height: 36px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none;"><strong style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19.2px;"></strong></a><strong style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 19.2px;"><a class="titlex" href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/03/how-to-install-proftpd-on-centos-7.html" style="display: inline !important; font-family: 'Open Sans', serif, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 5px 0px 0px; max-height: 36px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: red;">How to Install ProFTPD on CentOS 7</span></a></strong></li>
</ul>
</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 26px;">
<b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 1: Add the EPEL Repository</span></u></b></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
ProFTPD is part of Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/EPEL_Repo" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">EPEL</a>), which is a community repository of non-standard packages for the <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/EPEL" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">RHEL</a> distribution. First, we’ll install the EPEL repository:</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">rpm -iUvh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm</span></span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 26px;">
<div>
<b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 2: Install ProFTPD</span></u></b></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px;">
As a matter of best practice we’ll update our packages:</div>
</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">yum -y update</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Then let’s install ProFTPD and any required packages:</span></span></div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">yum -y install proftpd</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<div>
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step 3: Configure ProFTPD</u></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Let’s edit the configuration file for ProFTPD:</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">vi /etc/proftpd.conf</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
Change the <b>ServerName to the hostname of your server</b>. In the case below, ftp.hackthesec.co.in is an example:</div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<b>ServerName </b>"ftp.hackthesec.co.in"</div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Exit and save the file with the command :wq .</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Restart the ProFTPD service:</u></b></span></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">service proftpd restart</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Then set the ProFTPD service to start at boot:</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">chkconfig proftpd on</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;">
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); line-height: 19.2px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">www.hackthesec.co.in</a>
<a href="http://facebook.com/htsecu" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">HackTheSec Facebook</a>
<a href="https://www.twitter.com/Hackthesecurity" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">HackTheSec Twitter</a>
<a href="http://feeds.hackthesec.co.in/hackthesec" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none;">HackTheSec Feed</a></span></span></pre>
</div>
</div>

How to Install ProFTPD on CentOS 6

Install ProFTPD on CentOS 6 ProFTPD (short for Pro FTP daemon) is an FTP server . ProFTPD is Free and open-source software, compatibl...

How to Install ProFTPD on CentOS 7

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="entry-title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: proxima-nova, sans-serif; line-height: 3.4rem; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><u>Install ProFTPD on CentOS 7</u></span></h1>
<div>
<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">ProFTPD </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">(short for Pro FTP daemon) is an </span><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/ftp">FTP server</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">. ProFTPD is Free and open-source software, compatible with Unix-like systems and Microsoft Windows (via Cygwin). Along with </span><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/vsftp" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px; text-decoration: none;">vsftpd</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"> and Pure-FTPd, ProFTPD is among the most popular FTP servers in </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr45fLBm5B3qr3E_CEJ5KuZUrSdFkVs80KSv10Df6qJ6nUOVi87vnMY5LJDD7YL9QuqqK26UAfgpgxrqSMKsHMQ-kx54qElbc6d-6Iwn75dk9isdDXrxkmkjMepG2ZgBtZ80wDXGTqTLCY/s1600/proftpd-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Unix-like environments today. Compared to those, which focus e.g. on simplicity, speed or security, ProFTPD's primary design goal is to be a highly feature rich FTP server, exposing a large amount of configuration options to the user</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 1: Add the EPEL Repository</span></u></b></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
ProFTPD is part of Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/EPEL">EPEL</a>), which is a community repository of non-standard packages for the <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/EPEL">RHEL</a> distribution. First, we’ll install the EPEL repository:</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">rpm -iUvh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-5.noarch.rpm</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<div>
<b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 2: Install ProFTPD</span></u></b></div>
<div style="color: #222222;">
As a matter of best practice we’ll update our packages:</div>
</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">yum -y update</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Then let’s install ProFTPD and any required packages:</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">yum -y install proftpd</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step 3: Configure ProFTPD</u></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Let’s edit the configuration file for ProFTPD:</span></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">vi /etc/proftpd.conf</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
Change the <b>ServerName to the hostname of your server</b>. In the case below, ftp.hackthesec.co.in is an example:</div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<b>ServerName </b>"ftp.hackthesec.co.in"</div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Exit and save the file with the command :wq .</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Restart the ProFTPD service:</u></b></span></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">systemctl restart proftpd</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Then set the ProFTPD service to start at boot:</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">systemctl enable proftpd</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">And verify your work by checking the status of ProFTPD:</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">systemctl status proftpd</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<div>
<b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Step 4: Allow ProFTPD Through the Firewall</span></u></b></div>
<div style="color: #222222;">
Allow the default FTP port,<b> port 21</b>, through <b>firewalld</b>:</div>
</div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=21/tcp</span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">And reload the firewall:</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;">firewall-cmd --reload</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 15.6px;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a>
<a href="http://facebook.com/htsecu">HackTheSec Facebook</a>
<a href="https://www.twitter.com/Hackthesecurity">HackTheSec Twitter</a>
<a href="http://feeds.hackthesec.co.in/hackthesec">HackTheSec Feed</a></span></span></pre>
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How to set gurb2 password in RHEL7/Centos7

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<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;"><u>Set Gurb2 Password In Linux</u></span></h1>
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How to reset the root password but its security vulnerable to Linux.Anyone who have physical access to system can easily reset the root password. So we can avoid it by using the setting up of the grub password.</div>
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To set the grub password we set <b>superuser</b> name and password in grub configuration file.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMyEDOp2pRAzpP1NqS6z6IdO80RbzPTTSVqCbdLsu-c26qvu9JIQdUhxLsSwfI7vCJEQp79YMsXXCdpYVlpx2iGLfb8JKQDH6goyOov89mQzDHsIMKsJIcZxIG5jPNiCle6xKe9P8C99_0/s1600/gurb_password-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMyEDOp2pRAzpP1NqS6z6IdO80RbzPTTSVqCbdLsu-c26qvu9JIQdUhxLsSwfI7vCJEQp79YMsXXCdpYVlpx2iGLfb8JKQDH6goyOov89mQzDHsIMKsJIcZxIG5jPNiCle6xKe9P8C99_0/s1600/gurb_password-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
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For this we have to modify the <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">grub2.conf</strong> file in <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">/etc/</strong> directory</div>
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<span style="color: #222222;">firstly we have to create a password by using </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: red;">grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2</span></b></span><b style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222;"> </b><span style="color: #222222;">command copy the password and enter password twice as follows</span></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px;"><span style="color: white; line-height: 15.6px;">[root@hackthesec]# </span></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2</span></span></span></pre>
<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">Enter password:

Reenter password:

PBKDF2 hash of your password is: grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.19074739ED80F115963D984BDCB35AA671C24325755377C3E9B014D862DA6ACC77BC110EED41822800A87FD3700C037320E51E9326188D53247EC0722DDF15FC.C56EC0738911AD86CEA55546139FEBC366A393DF9785A8F44D3E51BF09DB980BAFEF85281CBBC56778D8B19DC94833EA8342F7D73E3A1AA30B205091F1015A85</pre>
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<span style="color: #222222;">Then open </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">/etc/grub2.conf</b></span><span style="color: #222222;"> file and locate </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###</b></span></div>
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section type the code as follows here I used the username is <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">root</strong> that is our choice</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">set superusers "root"</b></span><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">export superusers</b></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;"></b></span></div>
<pre class="xtypo_info" style="background: url("assets/shadow.png") 50% 100% repeat-x rgb(245, 245, 245); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 0px 0px 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; overflow: auto; padding: 9.5px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.19074739ED80F115963D984BDCB35AA671C24325755377C3E9B014D862DA6ACC77BC110EED41822800A87FD3700C037320E51E9326188D53247EC0722DDF15FC.C56EC0738911AD86CEA55546139FEBC366A393DF9785A8F44D3E51BF09DB980BAFEF85281CBBC56778D8B19DC94833EA8342F7D73E3A1AA30B205091F1015A85</pre>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222;">T</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222;">hat’s It, Now You can reboot and </strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Press "e" on Grub Menu</b></strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222;">, It will ask you for the password.</strong></b></div>
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How to set gurb2 password in RHEL7/Centos7

Set Gurb2 Password In Linux How to reset the root password but its security vulnerable to Linux.Anyone who have physical access to syst...