How to add extra swap space on CentOS 6.X

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;"> <u><span style="color: #cc0000;"><i>Add extra swap space on CentOS 6</i></span></u></h1> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS 6</a> swap space or simply swap is something that is used by the operating system when the system requires more memory that the physical memory installed on the server. In that case, the operating system is using parts from the hard drives as if they were physical memory.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This sounds very good, but the only downside of this is that the hard drives are significantly slower than the RAM memory, so this will decrease the server performance in general. However, having enough memory available is very important for our server to be stable and run smooth so we should always have swap space available on our <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Linux" target="_blank">Linux server</a>.</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvEtcfVC9fMunMiogW1lsdzjqDfRqWAo1enWZwC59mjf2a9nE0dHKC_1qe7QnLfkuGcGNZHnTq3_7jM288HkH_gliA4VlM_73KYJg2eI_qUCTevkQYhV8u9LtDXjyPJx8WkhsW7EoZMEIq/s1600/swap__tw_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvEtcfVC9fMunMiogW1lsdzjqDfRqWAo1enWZwC59mjf2a9nE0dHKC_1qe7QnLfkuGcGNZHnTq3_7jM288HkH_gliA4VlM_73KYJg2eI_qUCTevkQYhV8u9LtDXjyPJx8WkhsW7EoZMEIq/s1600/swap__tw_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Before we add more SWAP space, we need to create the swap file. We will use the <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">dd</code> </b></span>command to create the swap file. <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">dd</code> </b></span>is built in command in <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS </a>whose primary purpose is to convert and copy a file .</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In this case <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">if</code> </b></span>(input file) is <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;"><b>/dev/zero</b></span></code> and <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">of</code> </b></span>(output file) is the destination where we want to save the file. Basically, we are going to create 1GB file that will consist of zeros only and use that as a swap later.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=1024 </span></code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Next, we need to set up file so it is can be used as swap space. We will use <span style="color: red;"><b><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">mkswap</code> </b></span>command for that:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># mkswap /swapfile </span></code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The swap file must be owned by root and have proper permissions:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">#chown root:root /swapfile #chmod 0600 /swapfile</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Once this is done, the only thing left is to activate and start using the swap space.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># swapon /swapfile </span></code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">That’s it. We got another 1GB of swap space. If we wont to keep the space active after system reboot, we need to add an entry into <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;"><b>/etc/fstab</b></span></code> file. Open <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;"><b>/etc/fstab</b></span></code> file using your favorite text editor and add the following entry:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0 </span></code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Save and close the file. Next time Linux comes up after reboot, it enables the new swap file for you automatically.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We can verify that the swap was added by executing the command, the output should look like the following:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;"># free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 2026 990 1036 0 129 620 -/+ buffers/cache: 240 1786 Swap: 1024 0 1024</span></code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to determine how often swap file is used (compared to the RAM usage) system uses system property that is called swappiness. Swappiness is a property of the Linux kernel that changes the balance between swapping out runtime memory, as opposed to dropping pages from the system page cache. Swappiness can be set to values between 0 and 100 inclusive.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A low value means the kernel will try to avoid swapping as much as possible where a higher value instead will make the kernel aggressively try to use swap space. The default value is 60. We can set the swappiness with the following command:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">sysctl vm.swappiness=10 </span></code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now you have swap file on your system, which means you have more memory for the system to work with. This will make your system more stable at the cost of HDD space used by the swap file. </span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div> </div> </div>

How to add extra swap space on CentOS 6.X

Add extra swap space on CentOS 6 In CentOS 6 swap space or simply swap is something that is used by the operating system when the syst...

Read more »

How to Use Prometheus to Monitor Your CentOS 7 Server

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;"> <u><i><span style="color: red;">Prometheus to Monitor Your <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS</a> 7 Server</span></i></u></h1> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Prometheus is an open source monitoring system and time series database. It addresses many aspects of monitoring such as the generation and collection of metrics, graphing the resulting data on dashboards, and alerting on anomalies. The main features of Prometheus is that its a multi-dimensional data model with </span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGm_iPrVY0V0R8hNZEJkrqwvOZ9KCN3R_YQuopph7-iJTWkZZyevL9J8xRHPMPNgAlzpuJkJ8K7FiL3rOooZDVtDC4Fx-G_tIjiANYFbTLd-DA5ltQsVnL1maXvD4HM9sWLMb8I36CwgnH/s1600/prometheus-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGm_iPrVY0V0R8hNZEJkrqwvOZ9KCN3R_YQuopph7-iJTWkZZyevL9J8xRHPMPNgAlzpuJkJ8K7FiL3rOooZDVtDC4Fx-G_tIjiANYFbTLd-DA5ltQsVnL1maXvD4HM9sWLMb8I36CwgnH/s1600/prometheus-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a flexible query language to leverage this dimensionality. So, this will allow you to not only easily fine tune the definitions of the Prometheus metrics, but also generate more accurate reports. The Prometheus ecosystem consists of multiple components that are are written in Go language, making them easy to build and deploy as static binaries.</span></span></div> <div> <h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">System Update</span></u></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Connect to the<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/centos7" target="_blank"> CentOS 7</a> base operating system using the non-root sudo user and run the command as shown below to update your server with the latest updates and missing patches.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo yum update</span></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Make sure that you have sufficient disk space to install the update, then type ‘y’ and hit ‘Enter’ to continue.</span></span></div> <h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Downloading Prometheus</u></span></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Once your server is ready with all of the updates, proceed to the installation setup of Prometheus. To do so, first we will download its latest available package on Github. We will be using the ‘Curl’ command to download Pometheus in a newly created directory using the following commands.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ mkdir backup</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd backup</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ curl -LO "https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/releases/download/0.17.0/prometheus-0.17.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz" $ mv </span><span style="line-height: 1.42857;">prometheus-0.17.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz </span><span style="font-family: "menlo" , "monaco" , "consolas" , "courier new" , monospace; line-height: 1.42857;">prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64.tar.gz</span></pre> </div> <div> <h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Prometheus Installation</span></u></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We will be creating a new directory to install Prometheus into as it would be best practise to keep all the components of Prometheus within one parent directory. So, run the commands below to create a new directory in the home directory of your current user and extract the Prometheus package on it.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ mkdir ~/Prometheus</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd ~/Prometheus</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ tar -zxvf ~/backup/prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64.tar.gz</span></pre> </div> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now run the following command to verify the installation and check the version of ‘Prometheus’ and ‘Go’ installers.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ ~/Prometheus/prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64/prometheus -version</span></pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrbvvduUTHv4bltLksI3Sws_8D4bvpWSewgUse7rp9SHu6o-1BONKj-6qVhK6i0qeTHzAxtEfKriW-Gu3ZrSBZ_TfHZ3-CYRObPCdJfLz0OV6gaEES-NHhPLwMybR6Tf5-jtjYAXTgAMcV/s1600/prometheus-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrbvvduUTHv4bltLksI3Sws_8D4bvpWSewgUse7rp9SHu6o-1BONKj-6qVhK6i0qeTHzAxtEfKriW-Gu3ZrSBZ_TfHZ3-CYRObPCdJfLz0OV6gaEES-NHhPLwMybR6Tf5-jtjYAXTgAMcV/s1600/prometheus-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Installation of Node Exporter</u></span></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Node Exporter is actually the Prometheus exporter for machine metrics, written in Go with pluggable metric collectors that exports a lot of metrics such as disk I/O statistics, memory usage, network statistics, CPU load and much more in a format that Prometheus recognizes.</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The installation package for Node Exporter is also available on Github that can be downloaded from the Prometheus Node Exporter releases. Copy the Source link address to download the package using the ‘Curl’ command.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd ~/backup/</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ curl -LO "https://github.com/prometheus/node_exporter/releases/download/0.12.0rc3/node_exporter-0.12.0rc3.linux-amd64.tar.gz"</span></pre> </div> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then extract this using the ‘tar’ command in a new directory ‘node_exporter’ under Prometheus using the following commands.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ mkdir ~/Prometheus/node_exporter</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd ~/Prometheus/node_exporter/</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ tar -zxvf ~/backup/node_exporter-0.12.0rc3.linux-amd64.tar.gz </span></pre> </div> <div> <h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Starting Node Exporter</u></span></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Execute the node_exporter within the same directory where extracted, to run its service as shown below.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ ./node_exporter</span></pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZT3n2ByVXThBwMcJ7PydocV5yuExx77DY1sbQ_lpEee97q1BKGiSFFhQiUtfHNHjuMd1dcSfGIoOryKHbcL8VQ5EH90i729HLA-D_tCer-LbbUlVh-k_A1dSMo37RdKBgi_tR98zNMU5Z/s1600/node_exporter-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZT3n2ByVXThBwMcJ7PydocV5yuExx77DY1sbQ_lpEee97q1BKGiSFFhQiUtfHNHjuMd1dcSfGIoOryKHbcL8VQ5EH90i729HLA-D_tCer-LbbUlVh-k_A1dSMo37RdKBgi_tR98zNMU5Z/s1600/node_exporter-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Node Exporter As a Service</u></span></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Node Exporter has been placed under the home directory of our sudo user in ‘~/Prometheus/node_exporter’ directory. Now we are going to configure it as a service so that we can easily start and stop Node Exporter service when required.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/node_exporter.service</span> <code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[Unit] Description=Node Exporter</code> [Service] User=vxx ExecStart=/home/vxx/Prometheus/node_exporter/node_exporter [Install] WantedBy=default.target</pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then start the service after reloading daemon or reboot the server.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo systemctl enable node_exporter.service</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo systemctl start node_exporter.service</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo systemctl status node_exporter.service</span></pre> </div> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Once the node_exporter service is running, open your browser to view Node Exporter’s web interface by following the link below.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">http://your_servers_ip:9100/metrics</pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiATFaLfqGL-mjKMhH4LtDIxvESJAiww29_E3cvfyY24BcMY1_kVsB8Fly-d7RfbtQl_7D8VNV7xOlFIPxDhZUQ7WkGiNEg9svkYwb09dvo2CyAywUZuioH2sADL1JxKNNe9CjmDznxFCZB/s1600/prometheus_node-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiATFaLfqGL-mjKMhH4LtDIxvESJAiww29_E3cvfyY24BcMY1_kVsB8Fly-d7RfbtQl_7D8VNV7xOlFIPxDhZUQ7WkGiNEg9svkYwb09dvo2CyAywUZuioH2sADL1JxKNNe9CjmDznxFCZB/s1600/prometheus_node-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Starting Prometheus Server</u></span></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We are now ready to start the Prometheus server by creating a new configuration file in the Prometheus directory with the following code in it.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd ~/Prometheus/prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64/</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ vim prometheus.yml </span> <code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">global: scrape_interval: 15s # By default, scrape targets every 15 seconds. # Attach these labels to any time series or alerts when communicating with # external systems (federation, remote storage, Alertmanager). external_labels: monitor: 'codelab-monitor' # A scrape configuration containing exactly one endpoint to scrape: # Here it's Prometheus itself. scrape_configs: # The job name is added as a label `job=<job_name>` to any timeseries scraped from this config. - job_name: 'prometheus' # Override the global default and scrape targets from this job every 5 seconds. scrape_interval: 5s target_groups: - targets: ['localhost:9090']</code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Close after making saving the changes using ‘:wq!’.</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">These configurations will create the ‘scrape_configs’ and a ‘job_name’ as ‘node’ that can be any name you wish. Then start the Prometheus server as a background process and redirect it to output the log files using the following command.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ nohup ./prometheus > prometheus.log 2>&1 &</span></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To view these logs you can use the command below.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ tail ~/Prometheus/prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64/prometheus.log</span></pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKib_5iF5oZEsR3x4zZ0nwB5RNfHXsg6khyIvtmoks266hMW_xT8shsHN-c65X35SoqtKE8CudGUM2VfzNr5I_T-p6C-ETHk6niAmqhqFVZ01x-vd02ypISmODMHE5CQe-10soo94wfjnD/s1600/prometheus-log-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKib_5iF5oZEsR3x4zZ0nwB5RNfHXsg6khyIvtmoks266hMW_xT8shsHN-c65X35SoqtKE8CudGUM2VfzNr5I_T-p6C-ETHk6niAmqhqFVZ01x-vd02ypISmODMHE5CQe-10soo94wfjnD/s1600/prometheus-log-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Prometheus Web Access</span></u></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now open your favourite web browser to access the Prometheus web console using your server’s IP address or FQDN as shown below.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">http://your_servers_ip:9090</pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ONV-ubkqGpPlY8NBux7jYLvndQ29Bl5TbB8W-2ldPRImVAR8LZ7gWRejbinOSUcKYTDTFV4biKg4bAy_GzVgOdR5rLLo6Sw4n8JX9R5Mq0TyV9rqIDEksf0F3HCoXHYL6KUbIm85Vi3k/s1600/prometheus_dashboard.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ONV-ubkqGpPlY8NBux7jYLvndQ29Bl5TbB8W-2ldPRImVAR8LZ7gWRejbinOSUcKYTDTFV4biKg4bAy_GzVgOdR5rLLo6Sw4n8JX9R5Mq0TyV9rqIDEksf0F3HCoXHYL6KUbIm85Vi3k/s1600/prometheus_dashboard.png" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To make sure that the Prometheus server is fetching the data from the Node Exporter, click on the Graph and insert any metric chosen from the drop down, then click on the ‘Execute’ button to see the graph as shown below.</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPDYRS-XOipLNLQbGcSuofUXanvWQ34hoZ0kmbjP97LIKoupkFAQQCl-zH5fX9_94EV2nLCesv6i11q43kO3m4xG1fVdeU4frtQtUpzvV-1vnykWmMMe6ymGrrUfJvpHRbGe4V2Yd96l-F/s1600/prometheus_node_exporter-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPDYRS-XOipLNLQbGcSuofUXanvWQ34hoZ0kmbjP97LIKoupkFAQQCl-zH5fX9_94EV2nLCesv6i11q43kO3m4xG1fVdeU4frtQtUpzvV-1vnykWmMMe6ymGrrUfJvpHRbGe4V2Yd96l-F/s1600/prometheus_node_exporter-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">You can view the most commonly used metrics from the console templates that are available under the following path.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ ls ~/Prometheus/prometheus-0.17.0rc1.linux-amd64/consoles</span></pre> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">http://yourservers_ip:9090/consoles/node.html</pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY4YCQHBtgeLqw5YS2Dz7kuI8MGgin02wblGChpbqRfKlod5AIz36FkB8Rs9Tn1xa230KU_Y04tW-BYw5m9K2Fkn6H5enB5I61KSXivNPC8GMvxLqnr1ksMgGwEQSMvTlZzEUZiK8s0nAG/s1600/prometheus_overview-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY4YCQHBtgeLqw5YS2Dz7kuI8MGgin02wblGChpbqRfKlod5AIz36FkB8Rs9Tn1xa230KU_Y04tW-BYw5m9K2Fkn6H5enB5I61KSXivNPC8GMvxLqnr1ksMgGwEQSMvTlZzEUZiK8s0nAG/s1600/prometheus_overview-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">PromDash Installation</span></u></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">PromDash is a tool that allows to create custom dashboards which are not only highly configurable but also better-looking. It is generally used for debugging purposes or to run one-off queries.</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">So this is the preferred way to visualize the data in Prometheus’ time-series database by using PromDash.</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To download and run PromoDash, you need to install some of its required packages like Git, Ruby and a few build tools by executing the following ‘Yum’ command.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ sudo yum install git ruby ruby-devel gcc gcc-c++ sqlite-devel zlib-devel patch automake</span></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Type ‘y’ and hit Enter key to proceed with the installation including its dependent packages. Once the installation is completed run the command below to clone git repository of the PromoDash package.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ git clone https://github.com/prometheus/promdash.git</span></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now run the command below to install the Gem know as bundler required by PromoDash for installing the Ruby gems.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ cd promdash/</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ gem install bundler</span></pre> </div> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then run the ‘Bundle’ command to install all the Ruby gems that PromDash requires. The installation process might take some time to complete and you will get the following output after installation.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ bundle install --without mysql postgresql</span></pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFDM7zZbNTg0IAyIcJquCEaPOTOZKpkAEFvVkUg0fUC5g6ltzrbUH2EKtJqbyPpp92FI_6-_EaEasHKE6mvvFxNO1GJiwUguEgZdB1kf-yZt2ctpdhqLyMWpMsiuj2PNy_3ItyxS5EKz5a/s1600/bundle_install-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFDM7zZbNTg0IAyIcJquCEaPOTOZKpkAEFvVkUg0fUC5g6ltzrbUH2EKtJqbyPpp92FI_6-_EaEasHKE6mvvFxNO1GJiwUguEgZdB1kf-yZt2ctpdhqLyMWpMsiuj2PNy_3ItyxS5EKz5a/s1600/bundle_install-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Setup the Rail Environment</u></span></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">PromDash uses an environment variable called the ‘DATABASE_URL’ to determine the name of the the database associated with it. In the database directory, we will provide the Database server what it is going to use here followed by the command to setup the RAIL environment for production use and redirect it out to the ‘Bashrc’ file.</span></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Let’s run the following commands to configure the Rails Environment as shown.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ mkdir ~/Prometheus/databases</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ echo "export DATABASE_URL=sqlite3:$HOME/Prometheus/databases/mydb.sqlite3" >> ~/.bashrc</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ echo "export RAILS_ENV=production" >> ~/.bashrc</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ . ~/.bashrc</span></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">After updating the Bashrc file run the following command with ‘rake’ tool to create PromDash’s tables in the SQLite3 database.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ rake db:migrate</span></pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmC9v9hy2YJSwfSR7fobsfpGULyk_3V77SNRoRITmS-0yUdgTQfTQ0g-QekSwPBgPmgQCUCXIS_mdvFfS1ipypfJWuTIL51LQnaTWDhSIi1F8gMZSIca5IhvS-h5bpIBADDjMqJKwIxOkZ/s1600/db_migrate.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmC9v9hy2YJSwfSR7fobsfpGULyk_3V77SNRoRITmS-0yUdgTQfTQ0g-QekSwPBgPmgQCUCXIS_mdvFfS1ipypfJWuTIL51LQnaTWDhSIi1F8gMZSIca5IhvS-h5bpIBADDjMqJKwIxOkZ/s1600/db_migrate.png" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Run the command below to recompile PromDash project because it uses the Rails Asset Pipeline, so all the assets including Javascript files, CSS files and images should be recompiled using the rake tool command as shown.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ rake assets:precompile</span></pre> </div> <div> <h2 style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><u><span style="color: #0b5394;">Starting PromoDash</span></u></span></h2> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Run the following command to start the PromoDash server’s service under Thin (a light weight server) .</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">$ bundle exec thin start -d</span></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then open your web browser to access the PromoDash web console using the following link.</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">http://your_servers_ip:3000/</pre> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm2-2C6tPcbyS9GtI_RcD-RvMbqXN_MhtNnnatRNYvDNgsW-cK5HkCMin97td_PaKlDB5Sbm4Kh7SFfRyzeDGbaql6NtE9pTjxMpxIAoIysgc2W5zT3z9PZe35eBzs68o7gY4ivAu23XWV/s1600/promDash-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm2-2C6tPcbyS9GtI_RcD-RvMbqXN_MhtNnnatRNYvDNgsW-cK5HkCMin97td_PaKlDB5Sbm4Kh7SFfRyzeDGbaql6NtE9pTjxMpxIAoIysgc2W5zT3z9PZe35eBzs68o7gY4ivAu23XWV/s1600/promDash-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div> <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></div> </div>

How to Use Prometheus to Monitor Your CentOS 7 Server

Prometheus to Monitor Your CentOS 7 Server Prometheus is an open source monitoring system and time series database. It addresses many a...

Read more »

How To Install and Configure Varnish with Apache on Ubuntu

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;"> <span style="color: red;"><u><i>Install and Configure Varnish with Apache on Ubuntu</i></u></span></h1> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Varnish is an HTTP accelerator designed for content-heavy dynamic web sites. In contrast to other web accelerators, such as Squid, which began life as a client-side cache, or Apache and nginx, which are primarily origin servers, Varnish was designed as an HTTP accelerator. Varnish is focused exclusively on HTTP, unlike other proxy servers that often support FTP, SMTP and other network protocols.</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVaoofLAr1qcEBj2B3kvNrKK-mCvBW6KYxqdP1w8CzXxVHDwbKMkX1zEIYqXAE7JJCmJ5FQQIZlwwi06m8QAHyIswi2sblbEoV25-ChZQxpGwDavVYR2XA234EDZHbv4qKQlY-9bqrbug5/s1600/Varnish-Cache-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVaoofLAr1qcEBj2B3kvNrKK-mCvBW6KYxqdP1w8CzXxVHDwbKMkX1zEIYqXAE7JJCmJ5FQQIZlwwi06m8QAHyIswi2sblbEoV25-ChZQxpGwDavVYR2XA234EDZHbv4qKQlY-9bqrbug5/s1600/Varnish-Cache-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before we install Varnish, we should have <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Apache" target="_blank">apache </a>already installed. To install Apache, we should simple execute:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo apt-get install apache2 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Varnish should be available for install in the standard <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu </a>repositories. However, before we uninstall it we need to make sure that we are going to import the correct and latest varnish repository. We will start with importing their key:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo curl http://repo.varnish-cache.org/debian/GPG-key.txt | sudo apt-key add - </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then, we should open <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/apt/sources.list</span></code> file for editing and add the following line:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">deb http://repo.varnish-cache.org/ubuntu/ lucid varnish-3.0 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We need make sure that our repositories are up-to-date. After then, we are ready to install Varnish.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo apt-get update # sudo apt-get install varnish </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Once we have Varnish installed, we should setup some basic configuration parameters. By default, Varnish will listen on port 80, so we need to edit Apache configuration and set apache to listen on different port. In order to change that port that Apache listens on another port, we should open the<code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/apache2/ports.conf</span></code> file and edit as follows:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">NameVirtualHost 127.0.0.1:8080 Listen 127.0.0.1:8080 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then, we should also make changes in the default virtual host file (and in every other virtual host file that exists):</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><VirtualHost 127.0.0.1:8080> </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In order to set varnish parameters, we should open the default Varnish configuration file,<code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/default/varnish</span></code>, using our favorite editor, and uncomment the following directive:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">DAEMON_OPTS="-a :80 -T localhost:6082 -f /etc/varnish/default.vcl -S /etc/varnish/secret -s malloc,256m" </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #333333;">That is all that we need to change in that file. Next, we open </span><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/varnish/default.vcl</span></code><span style="color: #333333;"> file and edit as follows:</span></span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">backend default { .host = "127.0.0.1"; .port = "8080"; } </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Please note that in 8080 is the port on which Apache listens. If we choose another port for Apache to listen on, that we should use that port number instead. We are done with the basic configuration. Next, we need to restart the services and all traffic will go through Varnish:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo service apache2 restart # sudo service varnish restart </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If we want to check the current Varnish status and the cached sessions and content that is served through Varnish, we should execute:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># varnishstat Hitrate ratio: 3 3 3 Hitrate avg: 0.3745 0.3745 0.3745 869844 4.97 2.89 Client connections accepted 31200592 164.04 103.52 Client requests received 11705560 58.66 38.84 Cache hits </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Your pages are not being cached using Varnish and you can start by further referring to Varnish documentation to optimize your configuration.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div> </div> </div>

How To Install and Configure Varnish with Apache on Ubuntu

Install and Configure Varnish with Apache on Ubuntu Varnish is an HTTP accelerator designed for content-heavy dynamic web sites. In con...

Read more »

How To Setup Your Own VPN With PPTP on Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu, Debian)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;"> <u><span style="color: red;">Setup Your Own VPN With PPTP on Linux</span></u></h1> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A virtual private network (VPN) is network that extends a private network (i.e. LAN) across a public network, such as the Internet. It enables a communications between computers and devices across shared or public networks as if it were directly connected to the private network, while benefiting from the functionality, security and management policies of the private network.</span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbGgZsZxHpGmfsc4ruZzAb9wex7f3ymd1FVb8zvx6gV5P8wjiQqZd-steeQUGuPHjAkgfrmV5BRgMUGmLyvkzVT1MqHvxJRCWK2AVkWGmo15RlgPhZuuTcgzdo5AFpodeTQbaTM5H7KEcV/s1600/VPN.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbGgZsZxHpGmfsc4ruZzAb9wex7f3ymd1FVb8zvx6gV5P8wjiQqZd-steeQUGuPHjAkgfrmV5BRgMUGmLyvkzVT1MqHvxJRCWK2AVkWGmo15RlgPhZuuTcgzdo5AFpodeTQbaTM5H7KEcV/s320/VPN.png" width="288" /></a></div> <div> <span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div> <div> <h3 id="server-side-setup-and-configuration" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Server side setup and configuration</u></span></h3> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The most popular VPN solutions are OpenVPN and PPTP. We will use PPTP. Before we proceed and setup our own VPN network, we should have one computer that will be the VPN server. That computer will be responsible for assigning IP addresses to the clients, establishing initial connection between the clients or between client and the server, handling the security protocols and users/clients authentication. In order to install PPTP we will execute the following command:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># apt-get install pptpd </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Alternatively, if we are using <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS</a> we should execute:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># rpm -i http://poptop.sourceforge.net/yum/stable/rhel6/pptp-release-current.noarch.rpm # yum -y install pptpd </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Next step is to edit the default configuration file <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/pptpd.conf</span></code>, using our favourite editor and add the following lines:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">localip 172.16.0.1 remoteip 172.16.0.100-200 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In this case, 172.16.0.1 is the IP that will be used inside the VPN by the VPN server, and An IP from the range 172.16.0.100-200 will be assigned to each client that will be authenticated.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now we need to add new users. The file that contains the users and their password is <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/ppp/chap-secrets</span></code>. The client should be entered with the following information in the following order:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># client server secret IP addresses </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to create new client called <span style="color: red;"><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">client1</code> </span>that will be able to use the <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">pptpd</code> server from any location using the password <span style="color: red;"><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">password1</code> </span>we should add the following line, in the following case, the asterisk means that anyone IP address can use that login information:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">client1 pptpd password1 * </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The last thing that we need to do before starting our VPN server is to add DNS server. We can add the DNS servers provided by or internet provider or we can use Google DNS servers and insert them in the file.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">ms-dns 8.8.8.8 ms-dns 8.8.4.4 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Now we can start the pptpd daemon using the command:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">service pptpd start </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order to verify that it is running and listening for incoming connections, we should execute:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">netstat -alpn | grep pptp </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The output should look something like this:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:1723 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 20934/pptpd unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 5992346 20934/pptpd </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order for VPN server to work properly and be able to forward the requests we should make sure that the following line exists in <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/systl.conf</span></code>.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If it doesn’t exist, we need to add it and then apply the configuration using the following command:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">sysctl -p </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If we want the clients to be able to communicate to each other inside the VPN network we should create the following <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">iptables</code> rules:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE && iptables-save # iptables --table nat --append POSTROUTING --out-interface ppp0 -j # iptables -I INPUT -s 172.16.0.0/16 -i ppp0 -j ACCEPT # iptables --append FORWARD --in-interface eth0 -j ACCEPT </code></pre> <h3 id="client-side-setup-and-configuration" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10.5px; margin-top: 21px;"> <span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Client side setup and configuration</u></span></h3> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In order for a client computer to be able to connect to our VPN server, we should install the PPTP client using the following command (the first one is for <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/centos7" target="_blank">CentOS</a>, the second is for <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Debian" target="_blank">Debian</a>/<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu</a>):</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># yum -y install pptp # apt-get install pptp-linux </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The VPN client request the ppp_mppe module, so we need to load it:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># modprobe ppp_mppe </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Client configuration should be created in <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/ppp/peers/</span></code> folder. In order to configure the parameters for the server we want to use, we should create the configuration file using our favorite editor and set the following parameters (we are at <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">client1</code> now):</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">pty "pptp --nolaunchpppd" name client1 password password1 remotename PPTP require-mope-128 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">If our config files in the example above, was named <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/ppp/peers/vpnserver</span></code>, then in order to start the client and connect to the VPN server we should execute:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># pppd call vpnserver </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After starting the client, check the log files for possible errors or successful connection info using the following command:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cat /var/log/syslog | grep pptp </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">We should explicitly set proper routing for the VPN traffic on our clients:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">ip route add 172.16.0.0/16 dev ppp0 </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Once this is done, we can repeat the procedure and add more client and they will all be able to communicate to each other inside secured virtual private network. The computer can communicate using any protocol or service, such as HTTP, SMTP, telnet, MySQL, FTP etc. PPTP server doesn’t demand high usage of CPU resources, but still, all traffic is 128-bit encrypted. This provides decent level of security and protection for our sensitive data and information.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div> </div> </div>

How To Setup Your Own VPN With PPTP on Linux (CentOS, Ubuntu, Debian)

Setup Your Own VPN With PPTP on Linux A virtual private network (VPN) is network that extends a private network (i.e. LAN) across a publ...

Read more »

How To Install and Host Ghost with Nginx on Ubuntu

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: proxima-nova, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 39px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 21px 0px 0px;"> <span style="color: red;"><u><i>Install & Host Ghost with Nginx on Ubuntu</i></u></span></h1> <div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ghost is an <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/open_source_software" target="_blank">Open Source application</a> which allows us to write and publish our own blog, giving you the tools to make it easy and even fun to do. It’s simple, elegant, and designed so that we can spend less time making our blog work and more time blogging.</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBQNLroWgKSBZbd94Qe2N-2NmMIlTYWcEC6zmPEL2mWdhJ8O_T4YGKVijNrC3u_e3m4WgpXv_w5_i7xea1pO8MtrCJO6i5CUWwTHCHeP6hHojdD7wdvrNdLlaYVydCtB8pqbDPFi_R9N0h/s1600/How-To-Install-Host-Ghost-with-Nginx-on-Ubuntu-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBQNLroWgKSBZbd94Qe2N-2NmMIlTYWcEC6zmPEL2mWdhJ8O_T4YGKVijNrC3u_e3m4WgpXv_w5_i7xea1pO8MtrCJO6i5CUWwTHCHeP6hHojdD7wdvrNdLlaYVydCtB8pqbDPFi_R9N0h/s1600/How-To-Install-Host-Ghost-with-Nginx-on-Ubuntu-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before we start installing it on our VPS, we should make sure that we meet all requirements. We need to have our <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu server</a> operating properly, we need to point our domain to it and we have to obtain a copy of Ghost.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo apt-get update </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In order to install npm, we should execute the following command. These will install npm and all its prerequisites.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo apt-get install python-software-properties python g++ make # sudo add-apt-repository ppa:chris-lea/node.js # sudo apt-get update # sudo apt-get install nodejs </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now we should have npm installed. If we simply try to execute <span style="color: red;"><code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;">nom</code> </span>command, we should get its help information in the console. We are ready to install Ghost now.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cd ~ # wget https://ghost.org/zip/ghost-0.4.2.zip. # unzip ghost-0.4.2.zip # cd ghost-0.4.2 # npm install --production </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The next step is to install nginx. Nginx installation is pretty easy and straight forward:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># sudo apt-get install nginx </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">That’s it, nginx is installed. Now we need to configure it. First, we change to nginx directory and remove the default configuration file and create a new one:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cd /etc/nginx/ # rm sites-enabled/default # cd sites-available # touch ghost </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then, we need to open <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/nginx/sites-available/ghost</span></code> in our favorite editor, and the paste the following content inside:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">server { listen 0.0.0.0:80; server_name **your-domain-name.com**; access_log /var/log/nginx/ghost.log; location / { proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header Host $http_host; proxy_set_header X-NginX-Proxy true; proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:2368; proxy_redirect off; } } </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Next, we need to create a symbolic link to activate the configuration.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/ghost /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ghost </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If we restart nginx and start ghost again, we should get Ghost welcome page in our browser. If that is the case, we are done with the installation. The last thing we need to do is to make us able to start/stop the Ghost service like any other server on Ubuntu, using service start and service stop commands. In order to do that we need to create new file in <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16.2px; padding: 2px 4px;"><span style="color: red;">/etc/init</span></code> directory.</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># cd /etc/init # edit ghost.conf </code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and paste the following content in it:</span></div> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, 'courier new', monospace; font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.42857; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"># ghost # description "An Upstart task to make sure that my Ghost server is always running" # author "Your Name Here" start on startup script cd /root/ghost npm start end script</code><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, courier new, monospace;"> </span></code></pre> <pre style="background-color: whitesmoke; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10.5px; overflow: auto; padding: 10px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;"><code style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: menlo, monaco, consolas, courier new, monospace;">service ghost stop service ghost start service ghost restart </span></code></pre> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">That concludes the configuration. Now we have fully functional ghost server that will start automatically when system boots up. We can enjoy our blogging on a beautifully designed platform dedicated to that.</span></div> <div style="background-color: #fdfdfd; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10.5px;"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></span></div> </div> </div>

How To Install and Host Ghost with Nginx on Ubuntu

Install & Host Ghost with Nginx on Ubuntu Ghost is an Open Source application which allows us to write and publish our own blog, g...

Read more »