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Secure SSH with Google Authenticator Two-Factor Authentication on CentOS 7

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Google Authenticator Two-Factor Authentication on CentOS 7</h1>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">SSH access is always critical and you might want to find ways to improve the security of your SSH access. In this article we will see how we can secure SSH with simple two factor authentication by using Google Authenticator. Before using it you have to integrate the SSH daemon on your server with Google Authenticator one time password protocol TOTP and another restriction is that you must have your android phone with you all the time or at least the time you want <b>SSH access</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEituG_vrQj2qbbwgkfPTj-hr01-z_SbSoir2VjHmPUmfztQDCX-xzh9UoCT-i_CI0PuUB6UeR69vAnWiVDbVFIo39trNQWXj3s743gRcnt_8tiuJyUV9pcfaOrbiM7g1_Z6vkAz7FYmH-jO/s1600/google-authenticator-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEituG_vrQj2qbbwgkfPTj-hr01-z_SbSoir2VjHmPUmfztQDCX-xzh9UoCT-i_CI0PuUB6UeR69vAnWiVDbVFIo39trNQWXj3s743gRcnt_8tiuJyUV9pcfaOrbiM7g1_Z6vkAz7FYmH-jO/s320/google-authenticator-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" width="179" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">First of all we will install the open source <b>Google Authenticator PAM module</b> by executing the following command on the shell.</span><br />
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;">yum install </span><span style="color: lime;">google-authenticator</span></span></span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">This command will install Google authenticator on you <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/centos7" target="_blank">Centos 7</a> Server. The next step is to get the verification code. It's a very simple command to get the verification code and scratch codes by just answering simple questions of server which he will ask you. You can do that step by running the following command:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">You will get an output like the following screenshot which is being displayed to help you step by step as this step is very important and crucial. Write down the emergency scratch codes somewhere safe, they can only be used one time each, and they're intended for use if you lose your phone.</span></div>
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Now download Google authenticator application on your Mobile phone, the app exists for Android and Iphone. Well I have Android so I will download it from Google Play Store where I searched it out just by typing "<b>google authenticator</b>".</div>
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The next step is to change some files which we will start by first changing<b> /etc/pam.d/sshd</b>. Add the following line to the bottom of line:</div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;">auth required pam_</span><span style="color: lime;">google_authenticator.so</span></span></span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">Change the next file which is <b>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</b>. Add the following line in the file and if its already placed then change the parameter to "yes":</span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: orange;">ChallengeResponseAuthentication </span><span style="color: white;">yes</span></span></span></pre>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikQFBGqygMhqOpxkF1AXZFqfPYK6kcwT7Y5xtZTdk5ulwiYnmpAKpDBkMDvAGUX2-YGvZEAJzWxqtgRd8A9ypImFboal5LMOVzXgFy_sl-4UY5ZJrVFyuSCTnr7bggeQRKen21a0hARb9d/s1600/ssh_two_factor_authentication3-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikQFBGqygMhqOpxkF1AXZFqfPYK6kcwT7Y5xtZTdk5ulwiYnmpAKpDBkMDvAGUX2-YGvZEAJzWxqtgRd8A9ypImFboal5LMOVzXgFy_sl-4UY5ZJrVFyuSCTnr7bggeQRKen21a0hARb9d/s1600/ssh_two_factor_authentication3-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">Now restart the service of ssh by the following command:<br /></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;">service </span><span style="color: lime;">sshd </span><span style="color: white;">restart</span></span></span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">Last step is to test the service by connecting with SSH to the server to see if it will require verification code. You can see the following screenshot which shows the verification code(FROM MY ANDROID MOBILE GOOGLE Authenticator App) that keeps on changing time after time and you have to login with it:<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">So we have successfully configured SSH authentication based on <b>Google Authenticator</b>. Now your <b>SSH </b>is secure and no brute attack can invade your server unless someone has your verification code which will require access to your phone as well.</span></div>
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Secure SSH with Google Authenticator Two-Factor Authentication on CentOS 7

Google Authenticator Two-Factor Authentication on CentOS 7 SSH access is always critical and you might want to find ways to improve the s...

Wireshark - vwr_read_s2_s3_W_rec Heap-Based Buffer Overflow

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<span style="color: #073763;">Wireshark - vwr_read_s2_s3_W_rec Heap-Based Buffer Overflow</span></h1>
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<span style="color: #073763; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Wireshark </b>is a Free and Open packet analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and communications protocol development, and education. Originally named Ethereal, the project was renamed Wireshark in May 2006 due to trademark issues</span></div>
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<table class="exploit_list" style="background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239) !important; border-radius: 3px !important; border-spacing: 1px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221) !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 1px !important; width: 679px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Author:</strong> Google Security Research</span></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px; text-align: center;"><br /></td><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px 10px; text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black;">Download Exploit:</strong><span style="color: black;"> </span><a href="https://www.exploit-db.com/download/39490" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-duration: 0.3s; transition-property: background-color, box-shadow, border, color, opacity;"><span class="fa fa-file-code-o" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "fontawesome"; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;"></span> Source</a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="fa fa-file-o" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; display: inline-block; font-family: "fontawesome"; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1;"></span><span style="color: black;"> </span></div>
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Wireshark - vwr_read_s2_s3_W_rec Heap-Based Buffer Overflow

Wireshark - vwr_read_s2_s3_W_rec Heap-Based Buffer Overflow Wireshark is a Free and Open packet analyzer. It is used for network troub...

How to Temporarily Disable Foreign Key Checks in MySQL

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<u><span style="color: red;"><i>Temporarily Disable Foreign Key Checks in MySQL</i></span></u></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">You must have faced the foreign key constrains issues many times while working with <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Mysql" target="_blank">MySQL database</a>. Generally this issue occurred during delete, insert records, backup and restore database and drop database and drop tables. In this situation its hard to complete task. <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Mysql" target="_blank">MySQL </a>provides an option to disable foreign key checks during any operation on tables or databases. You can disable check and complete your task without any issues.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This article will help you to how to enable or disable foreign key check in MySQL. Ever you faced foreign key error, Disable foreign key checks, do you work and enable it again.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Disable Foreign Key Checks</u></span></h3>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">SET </span><span style="color: lime;"><orange>FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS</orange>=<orange>0</orange></span><span style="color: white;">;
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<h3 class="heading2" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Slab'; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bolder; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; opacity: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.24s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>Enable Foreign Key Checks</u></span></h3>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;">SET </span><span style="color: lime;"><orange>FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS</orange>=<orange>1</orange></span><span style="color: white;">;
</span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Remember that, do not forgot to re-enable foreign key checks again after doing your work.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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</div>
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How to Temporarily Disable Foreign Key Checks in MySQL

Temporarily Disable Foreign Key Checks in MySQL You must have faced the foreign key constrains issues many times while working with MyS...

4 Free Shell Scripting eBooks for Linux Newbies and Administrators

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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><u> Shell Scripting eBooks for Linux Newbies and Administrators</u></b></span><br />
<br />
<h3 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #336699; font-family: 'Roboto Condensed', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<u>Bash Guide for Beginners</u></h3>
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<div>
<u><br /></u></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.mediafire.com/?2i5i900y8ityhaa" target="_blank">Download Here</a></span></u></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><br /></u></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<h3 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #336699; font-family: 'Roboto Condensed', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide</h3>
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<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.mediafire.com/?phs216djbf5ejug" target="_blank">Download Here</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<h3 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #336699; font-family: 'Roboto Condensed', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
Shell Scripting: Expert Recipes for Linux</h3>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv-7tq4a5HGdJk-Me3VP2_Q8MXkLAs_HHHKVBpxx2R7YInh_31EucGiwbLwQhyphenhyphenLEqn5uaz6XrxYpPujFwV2MCCCSM_ThLkVK1mQ7TMajh89jB8jUenF-hEuGXcS_keQgqhh44742AbzWfO/s1600/shell_script-www.hackthesec.co.in.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv-7tq4a5HGdJk-Me3VP2_Q8MXkLAs_HHHKVBpxx2R7YInh_31EucGiwbLwQhyphenhyphenLEqn5uaz6XrxYpPujFwV2MCCCSM_ThLkVK1mQ7TMajh89jB8jUenF-hEuGXcS_keQgqhh44742AbzWfO/s1600/shell_script-www.hackthesec.co.in.gif" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.mediafire.com/?2i5i900y8ityhaa" target="_blank">Download Here</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<h3 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #336699; font-family: 'Roboto Condensed', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
Linux Shell Scripting Cookbook, Second Edition</h3>
</div>
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<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.mediafire.com/?2i5i900y8ityhaa" target="_blank">Download Here</a></span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></div>
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4 Free Shell Scripting eBooks for Linux Newbies and Administrators

Shell Scripting eBooks for Linux Newbies and Administrators Bash Guide for Beginners Download Here Advanced Bash-Scripting...

How to Check the User Validity

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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><u><i>Check the User Validity</i></u></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijQ08WEB8OyP7KMutv7eEqNtnAyYwFTjxxAxVGlyytteR3jnx4qM-hD6-_ozPQ5N_zFR_YcXmG3OZLv3teTAA_wCdyke37xyWVorhRu45_EI9RBh4Szmsm2zR2kANK4Sv3CfIqAn2pFdVw/s1600/linux-command_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijQ08WEB8OyP7KMutv7eEqNtnAyYwFTjxxAxVGlyytteR3jnx4qM-hD6-_ozPQ5N_zFR_YcXmG3OZLv3teTAA_wCdyke37xyWVorhRu45_EI9RBh4Szmsm2zR2kANK4Sv3CfIqAn2pFdVw/s200/linux-command_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><u><i><br /></i></u></b></span>
<br />
<b>chage -l username</b><br />
<br />
OutPut:<br />
<br />
<b>chage -l root</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Last password change<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: Feb 12, 2016<br />
Password expires<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: never<br />
Password inactive<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: never<br />
Account expires<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: never<br />
Minimum number of days between password change<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: 0<br />
Maximum number of days between password change<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: 99999<br />
Number of days of warning before password expires<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>: 7<br />
<br />
<b>For change password aging to any user:</b><br />
<br />
<b>chage -M 60 username</b><br />
<b>chage -M 60 -m 7 -W 7 username</b><br />
<br />
Parameters:<br />
<br />
-M Set maximum number of days<br />
-m Set minimum number of days<br />
-W Set the number of days of warning<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></div>

How to Check the User Validity

Check the User Validity chage -l username OutPut: chage -l root Last password change : Feb 12, 2016 Password expires : never ...

How Install VLC Media Player in RHEL/CentOS 7/6 and Fedora 23-20

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<h1 class="post-title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: 'Roboto Condensed', Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: large;">VLC Media Player in <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/RHEL" target="_blank">RHEL</a>/<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS</a>/<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Fedora" target="_blank">Fedora</a></span></h1>
<div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">VLC media player (commonly known as VLC) is a portable, free and open-source, cross-platform media player and streaming media server written by the VideoLAN project. VLC is available for desktop operating systems as also mobile platforms as Android, iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch. VLC is also available on App stores such as Apple's App Store.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">VLC media player supports many audio and video compression methods and file formats, including DVD-Video, video CD and streaming protocols. It is able to stream media over computer networks and to transcode multimedia files.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb8Av8IZjWc-x6PCG6WWJQ4_qdrx34elAz0cFHSlT7LNSB07OE8WnPDJVwX01zVlMC3YdV2KXyOLd2aa0ewPq3lvwNZuWDCYYXikfhhcB2vVToz6EiTG8xwA5gbxtA5VU3viexiR4xUWd8/s1600/VLC-logo-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb8Av8IZjWc-x6PCG6WWJQ4_qdrx34elAz0cFHSlT7LNSB07OE8WnPDJVwX01zVlMC3YdV2KXyOLd2aa0ewPq3lvwNZuWDCYYXikfhhcB2vVToz6EiTG8xwA5gbxtA5VU3viexiR4xUWd8/s1600/VLC-logo-www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The default distribution of VLC includes a large number of free decoding and encoding libraries, avoiding the need for finding/calibrating proprietary plugins. The libavcodec library from the FFmpeg project provides many of VLC's codecs, but the player mainly uses its own muxers, and demuxers. It also has its own protocol implementations. It also gained distinction as the first player to support playback of encrypted DVDs on Linux and OS X by using the libdvdcss DVD decryption library</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>Install EPEL and Nux Dextop Repositories on RHEL/CentOS</u></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;">Install </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Epel</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;"> and </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nux Dextop</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;"> repository for your </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Linux OS</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;"> distribution using following links. </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 28.8px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>For RHEL/CentOS 7</u></span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="line-height: 16.9px;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: large;"># rpm -Uvh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-5.noarch.rpm
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: large;"># rpm -Uvh http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el7/x86_64/nux-dextop-release-0-5.el7.nux.noarch.rpm</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b><u>For RHEL/CentOS 6</u></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="line-height: 16.9px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;">------------------ On 32-Bit Systems ------------------
</span><span style="color: lime;"># rpm -Uvh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
</span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"># rpm -Uvh http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el6/i386/nux-dextop-release-0-3.el6.nux.noarch.rpm
</span>
</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange;">------------------ On 64-Bit Systems ------------------</span><span style="color: white;">
# </span><span style="color: lime;">rpm -Uvh http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm</span><span style="color: white;">

# rpm -Uvh http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el6/x86_64/nux-dextop-release-0-2.el6.nux.noarch.rpm</span></span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;"><b><u>Installing RPMFusion Repository on Fedora</u></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;">The </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">RPMFusion</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;"> repository comes as pre-installed, if not you can follow below commands install and enable it as shown:</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 28.8px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u><b>For Fedora 23-20</b></u></span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="line-height: 16.9px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;"># </span><span style="color: lime;">yum localinstall</span><span style="color: white;"> --nogpgcheck http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-stable.noarch.rpm 
</span></span><span style="color: white;">
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: large;"># </span><span style="color: lime; font-size: large;">yum localinstall --nogpgcheck</span><span style="color: white; font-size: large;"> http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/fedora/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-stable.noarch.rpm</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;">Once you’ve all the repositories installed on your system, Now check vlc avalable or not through bellow command line</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="line-height: 16.9px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white;"># yum </span><span style="color: lime;">info vlc</span><span style="color: white;">
# dnf info </span><span style="color: lime;">vlc         </span><span style="color: white;">[On Fedora 23+ releases]</span></span><span style="color: white;">

Sample Output : -

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks, versionlock
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirror.nbrc.ac.in
 * epel: kartolo.sby.datautama.net.id
 * extras: mirror.nbrc.ac.in
 * nux-dextop: li.nux.ro
 * remi-safe: remi.check-update.co.uk
 * rpmforge: kartolo.sby.datautama.net.id
 * updates: mirror.nbrc.ac.in
Available Packages
Name        : vlc
Arch        : x86_64
Version     : 2.2.1
Release     : 6.el7.nux
Size        : 1.5 M
Repo        : nux-dextop/x86_64
Summary     : The cross-platform open-source multimedia framework, player and
            : server
URL         : http://www.videolan.org
License     : GPLv2+
Description : VLC media player is a highly portable multimedia player and
            : multimedia framework capable of reading most audio and video
            : formats as well as DVDs, Audio CDs VCDs, and various streaming
            : protocols. It can also be used as a media converter or a server to
            : stream in uni-cast or multi-cast in IPv4 or IPv6 on networks.
</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.8px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now install it by running the following command on the terminal.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="line-height: 16.9px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime;"># yum install vlc
</span><span style="color: white;"># </span><span style="color: lime;">dnf install vlc </span><span style="color: white;">      [On Fedora 23+ releases]</span></span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 28.8px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>Starting VLC Player in RHEL/CentOS/Fedora</u></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;">Run the following command from the </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Desktop</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;"> terminal as </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">normal user</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;"> to Launch the </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">VLC</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;"> player. (</span><b><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;"> : </span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.8px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">VLC is not supposed to be run as root user</span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px;">).</span></span><br />
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 16.9px;">$ vlc</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMcjtjPJCTRYQORox-dB4kiwvX-kaBt2S0o_-4FIYrjbZLYz2UE-BYKCsuvdxohcaJV8UY6RN9ycoHuDIXrHf08UDdZrlep3PdSnIvPoW26NQ_T3dpjcqcfkKEnOQFz6eDclbwOr9WZFJj/s1600/vlc_2.2.2-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMcjtjPJCTRYQORox-dB4kiwvX-kaBt2S0o_-4FIYrjbZLYz2UE-BYKCsuvdxohcaJV8UY6RN9ycoHuDIXrHf08UDdZrlep3PdSnIvPoW26NQ_T3dpjcqcfkKEnOQFz6eDclbwOr9WZFJj/s1600/vlc_2.2.2-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.8px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /> <span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Update</span> or <span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Upgrade</span> <span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">VLC</span> player to latest stable version.Run the following command</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 16.9px;"><span style="color: white;"># </span><span style="color: lime;">yum update vlc</span><span style="color: white;">
</span><span style="color: lime;"># dnf update vlc      [On Fedora 23+ releases]</span></span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/" style="line-height: 28.8px;" target="_blank">www.hackthesec.co.in</a><br /><span style="line-height: 28.8px;"><a href="https://twitter.com/Hackthesecurity">https://twitter.com/Hackthesecurity</a></span></span></span></div>
</div>

How Install VLC Media Player in RHEL/CentOS 7/6 and Fedora 23-20

VLC Media Player in RHEL / CentOS / Fedora VLC media player (commonly known as VLC) is a portable, free and open-source, cross-platform...

How to install Nagios 4.1.1 On RHEL/CentOS 6.x/5.x and Fedora 19/18/17

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><b><u>Installing Nagios 4.1.1 and Nagios Plugin 1.5</u></b></span><div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Nagios a free and open computer-software application, monitors systems, networks and infrastructure. Nagios offers monitoring and alerting services for servers, switches, applications and services. It alerts users when things go wrong and alerts them a second time when the problem has been resolved.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Nagios was originally designed to run under Linux, but it also runs well on other Unix variants. It is free software licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">                          <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivthFS0dDQzLIMVYd6MNYZwXaftIcoDwYN3bc_QczbT3tAZ-zZl7kKTud-nNDEdLMHK366m-jfAcf-M5hfoK-RL_lEsfWaFXCLCnZIElBD8-Czso-mrj92OS5LhnQcRBOjSBUsBZsKIK5p/s1600/nagios-core-www.hackthesec.co.in.gif" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'roboto condensed', arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28.8px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivthFS0dDQzLIMVYd6MNYZwXaftIcoDwYN3bc_QczbT3tAZ-zZl7kKTud-nNDEdLMHK366m-jfAcf-M5hfoK-RL_lEsfWaFXCLCnZIElBD8-Czso-mrj92OS5LhnQcRBOjSBUsBZsKIK5p/s1600/nagios-core-www.hackthesec.co.in.gif" /></a></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<b><span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>With Nagios you can:</u></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<ul style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">
<li>Monitor your entire IT infrastructure</li>
<li>Spot problems before they occur</li>
<li>Know immediately when problems arise</li>
<li>Share availability data with stakeholders</li>
<li>Detect security breaches</li>
<li>Plan and budget for IT upgrades</li>
<li>Reduce downtime and business losses</li>
</ul>
<div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step 1: Install Required Dependencies</u></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Install Apache, PHP and some libraries like gcc, glibc, glibc-common and GD libraries and its development libraries before installing Nagios 4.1.1 with source. From Yum Library.</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.6px;">yum install -y httpd php gcc glibc glibc-common gd gd-devel make net-snmp</span></span></pre>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><u style="background-color: white; color: #0b5394; font-weight: bold;">Step 2: Create Nagios User and Group</u></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Create a new nagios user and nagcmd group account and set a password.</span></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime;">[root@hackthesec ]# useradd nagios
</span><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ]# groupadd nagcmd</span></span></span></pre>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Next, add both the nagios user and the apache user to the nagcmd group.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span><br />
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ]# usermod -G nagcmd nagios
</span><span style="color: orange;">[root@hackthesec ]# usermod -G nagcmd apache</span></span></span></pre>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step 3: Download Nagios Core 4.1.1 and Nagios Plugin 1.5</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Create a directory for your Nagios installation and all its future downloads.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span><br />
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large; font-weight: normal; line-height: 15.6px;">[root@hackthesec ]# mkdir /root/nagios
[root@hackthesec ]# cd /root/nagios</span></span></pre>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Now download latest Nagios Core 4.1.1 and Nagios plugins 1.5 packages with wget command.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span><br />
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime;">[root@hackthesec nagios~]# wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/project/nagios/nagios-4.x/nagios-4.1.1/nagios-4.1.1.tar.gz
</span><span style="color: white;">
[root@hackthesec nagios~]# wget https://www.nagios-plugins.org/download/nagios-plugins-1.5.tar.gz</span></span></span></pre>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step 4: Extract Nagios Core and its Plugins</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">We need to extract downloaded package with <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/02/unpacking-or-uncompressing-gz-files.html">tar command</a> as follows.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span><br />
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">[root@hackthesec nagios~]# tar –xvf nagios-4.1.1.tar.gz
[root@hackthesec nagios~]# tar –xvf nagios-plugins-1.5.tar.gz </span></span></pre>
<div>
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">When you extract these tarballs with tar command, two new folders will appear in that directory.</span></span></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">[root@hackthesec nagios ~]# ll
total 3712
drwxrwxr-x 18 root root    4099 Feb 24 03:28 nagios-4.1.1
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 1695390 Feb 24 03:32 nagios-4.1.1.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 15  200  300    4099 Feb 24 03:40 nagios-plugins-1.5
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 2428259 Feb 24 03:42 nagios-plugins-1.5.tar.gz </span></span></pre>
<div>
<b><u><span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Configure Nagios Core</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"> </span></span></u></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">We will configure Nagios Core and to do so we need to go to Nagios directory and run configure file and sample output. Please see below.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span><br />
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec nagios~]# cd nagios-4.1.1
</span><span style="color: lime;">[root@hackthesec nagios-4.1.1]# ./configure --with-command-group=nagcmd</span></span></span></pre>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">Nagios executable:  nagios
        Nagios user/group:  nagios,nagios
       Command user/group:  nagios,nagcmd
             Event Broker:  yes
        Install ${prefix}:  /usr/local/nagios
    Install ${includedir}:  /usr/local/nagios/include/nagios
                Lock file:  ${prefix}/var/nagios.lock
   Check result directory:  ${prefix}/var/spool/checkresults
           Init directory:  /etc/rc.d/init.d
  Apache conf.d directory:  /etc/httpd/conf.d
             Mail program:  /bin/mail
                  Host OS:  linux-gnu

Web Interface Options:
 ------------------------
                 HTML URL:  http://localhost/nagios/
                  CGI URL:  http://localhost/nagios/cgi-bin/
 Traceroute (used by WAP):  /bin/traceroute

Review the options above for accuracy.  If they look okay,
type 'make all' to compile the main program and CGIs.</span></span></pre>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">We need to Compile and install all the binaries with make command and make install command will install all the needed libraries in your machine and sample output bellow</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span><br />
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: large;">[root@hackthesec nagios-4.1.1 ]# make all
</span><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-size: large;">[root@hackthesec nagios-4.1.1 ]# make install</span>
</span></span></span></pre>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">*** Main program, CGIs and HTML files installed ***

You can continue with installing Nagios as follows (type 'make'
without any arguments for a list of all possible options):

make install-init
     - This installs the init script in /etc/rc.d/init.d

make install-commandmode
     - This installs and configures permissions on the
       directory for holding the external command file

make install-config
     - This installs sample config files in /usr/local/nagios/etc</span></span></pre>
<div>
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Following command will install the init scripts for Nagios.</span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: white; font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; line-height: 15.6px;">[root@hackthesec nagios-4.1.1 ]# make install-init</span><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 26px; white-space: normal;">
</span></span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">To make nagios work from command line we need to install command-mode.</span></span></div>
<div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">[root@hackthesec nagios-4.1.1 ]# make install-commandmode</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 26px; white-space: normal;">
</span></span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Next, install sample nagios files, please run following command. and sample output bellow..</span></span></div>
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<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">[root@hackthesec nagios-4.1.1 ]# make install-config</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">/usr/bin/install -c -m 775 -o nagios -g nagios -d /usr/local/nagios/etc
/usr/bin/install -c -m 775 -o nagios -g nagios -d /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects
/usr/bin/install -c -b -m 664 -o nagios -g nagios sample-config/nagios.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg
/usr/bin/install -c -b -m 664 -o nagios -g nagios sample-config/cgi.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/cgi.cfg
/usr/bin/install -c -b -m 660 -o nagios -g nagios sample-config/resource.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/resource.cfg
/usr/bin/install -c -b -m 664 -o nagios -g nagios sample-config/template-object/templates.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/templates.cfg
/usr/bin/install -c -b -m 664 -o nagios -g nagios sample-config/template-object/commands.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/commands.cfg
/usr/bin/install -c -b -m 664 -o nagios -g nagios sample-config/template-object/contacts.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/contacts.cfg
/usr/bin/install -c -b -m 664 -o nagios -g nagios sample-config/template-object/timeperiods.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/timeperiods.cfg
/usr/bin/install -c -b -m 664 -o nagios -g nagios sample-config/template-object/localhost.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/localhost.cfg
/usr/bin/install -c -b -m 664 -o nagios -g nagios sample-config/template-object/windows.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/windows.cfg
/usr/bin/install -c -b -m 664 -o nagios -g nagios sample-config/template-object/printer.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/printer.cfg
/usr/bin/install -c -b -m 664 -o nagios -g nagios sample-config/template-object/switch.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/switch.cfg

*** Config files installed ***

Remember, these are *SAMPLE* config files.  You'll need to read
the documentation for more information on how to actually define
services, hosts, etc. to fit your particular needs.</span></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step 5: Customizing Nagios Configuration</u></b></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Open the "</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b>contacts.cfg</b>" file with your editor and set the email addressassociated with the nagiosadmin contact definition to receiving email alerts.Sample Output Bellow...</span><br />
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/</span><span style="color: lime;">contacts.cfg</span></span></span></pre>
</div>
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 26px;"></span></span></div>
<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">###############################################################################
###############################################################################
#
# CONTACTS
#
###############################################################################
###############################################################################

# Just one contact defined by default - the Nagios admin (that's you)
# This contact definition inherits a lot of default values from the 'generic-contact'
# template which is defined elsewhere.

define contact{
       contact_name                    nagiosadmin             ; Short name of user
       use                             generic-contact         ; Inherit default values from generic-contact template (defined above)
       alias                           Nagios Admin            ; Full name of user

email                           hackthesec@hackthesec.co.in     ; *** CHANGE THIS TO YOUR EMAIL ADDRESS ****       }</span></span></pre>
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<div>
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step 6: Install and Configure Web Interface for Nagios</u></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">We will configure Web Interface For Nagios with following command. The below command will Configure Web interface for Nagios and a web admin user will be created “nagiosadmin”.</span></div>
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<div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec nagios-4.1.1 ]# </span><span style="color: orange;">make install-webconf</span></span></span></pre>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">We will be creating a password for “nagiosadmin”. After executing this command, please provide a password twice and keep it remember because this password will be used when you login in the Nagios Web interface.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span><br />
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec nagios-4.1.1]#</span><span style="color: lime;"> htpasswd -s -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd.users nagiosadmin</span><span style="color: white;">
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user nagiosadmin</span></span></span></pre>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Restart Apache to make the new settings take effect.</span></span><br />
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ]# service httpd start (On RedHat / CentOS)
</span><span style="color: lime;">[root@hackthesec ]# systemctl start httpd.service (On Fedora)</span></span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step 7: Compile and Install Nagios Plugin</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">We have downloaded nagios plugins in /root/nagios, Go there and configure and install it.</span><br />
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec nagios]# cd /root/nagios
[root@hackthesec nagios]# cd nagios-plugins-1.5
</span><span style="color: lime;">[root@hackthesec nagios]# ./configure --with-nagios-user=nagios --with-nagios-group=nagios
</span><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec nagios]# make
</span><span style="color: cyan;">[root@hackthesec nagios]# make install</span></span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step 8: Verify Nagios Configuration Files</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Now we are all done with Nagios configuration and its time to verify it and to do so please insert following command. </span><br />
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span></div>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">[root@hackthesec nagios]# /usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg</span></span></pre>
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 sample-config/httpd.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/nagios.conf

*** Nagios/Apache conf file installed ***

/usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg
...
...
Total Warnings: 0
Total Errors:   0</span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step 9: Add Nagios Services to System Startup</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">We need to add nagios and httpd with chkconfig command.</span><br />
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime;">[root@hackthesec ]# chkconfig --add nagios
</span><span style="color: white;">[root@hackthesec ]# chkconfig --level 35 nagios on
</span><span style="color: orange;">[root@hackthesec ]# chkconfig --add httpd
</span><span style="color: cyan;">[root@hackthesec ]# chkconfig --level 35 httpd on</span></span></span></pre>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Restart Nagios to make the new settings take effect.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"></span></span><br />
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;">[root@hackthesec ]# service nagios start (On RedHat / CentOS)
[root@hackthesec ]# systemctl start nagios.service (On Fedora)</span></span></pre>
<span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><b><u>Step 10: Login to the Nagios Web Interface</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;">Your nagios is ready to work, please open it in your browser with “http://Your-server-IP-address/nagios” or “http://FQDN/nagios” and Provide the username “nagiosadmin” and password.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26px;"><br /></span>
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<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></div>
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How to install Nagios 4.1.1 On RHEL/CentOS 6.x/5.x and Fedora 19/18/17

Installing Nagios 4.1.1 and Nagios Plugin 1.5 Nagios a free and open computer-software application, monitors systems, networks and infras...

How to Install and Setup LXC Linux Containers on CentOS / RHEL / Ubuntu

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="headline" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 39px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<u><span style="color: red;"><i>Install and Setup LXC Linux Containers on <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS </a>/ <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/RHEL" target="_blank">RHEL</a> / <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Ubuntu" target="_blank">Ubuntu</a></i></span></u></h1>
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<div style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
LXC stands for Linux Containers.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Linux containers are light-weight “<b><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/virtualization" target="_blank">virtualization</a></b>” methods that runs multiple virtual units simultaneously on a single control host on a single Linux kernel.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
The Linux kernel contains cgroups for resource isolation (CPU, memory, block I/O, network, etc, ), which does not require starting any virtual machines.<br />
<span id="more-16727" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />
Cgroups also provides namespace isolation to completely isolate application view of the operating environment, including process trees, networks, userids and mounted filesystems.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
LXC is open source software and licensed under GNU LGPLv2.1+ license.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Containers actually make use of kernel features called namespaces, cgroups, and chroots, to carve off a contained area.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
So, the end result of LXC looks much like a virtual machine, but without any hypervisor.</div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 1.286em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.222em; margin: 1.833em 0px 0.611em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><u>1. Pre-req for LXC Install</u></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Before you install LXC, make sure your system is up-to-date using yum update as shown below.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">yum </span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">update</span></span></pre>
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LXC is dependent on two libraries; libpcap and libcgroup. This also requires busybox and bridge utilities.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj9V8hkUx0b10oO6a9hvyvmS8h2F4G6jqX7UWF_yTwtUEvPWkxQZW6zPposJThw21KP_eVnfznGW8tLa1s7e6hO5Uz-i3vEKxBzBydLaJ8bna3xonl2UrS9cG1lOsId__VnE2D-YR5KkIC/s1600/lxc-architecture-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj9V8hkUx0b10oO6a9hvyvmS8h2F4G6jqX7UWF_yTwtUEvPWkxQZW6zPposJThw21KP_eVnfznGW8tLa1s7e6hO5Uz-i3vEKxBzBydLaJ8bna3xonl2UrS9cG1lOsId__VnE2D-YR5KkIC/s320/lxc-architecture-www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" width="242" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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Install the following required packages for our LXC install.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">yum install </span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">libcap-devel libcgroup busybox wget bridge-utils</span></span></pre>
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Let us make sure we got all the compilers and related development tools that are required to compile and install any software from source code.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">yum groupinstall "</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">Development tools</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">"</span></span></pre>
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<u><span style="color: #0b5394;">2. Download LXC Linux Containers</span></u></h3>
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Download the latest version of the LXC from <a href="https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/downloads/" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Linux Containers Project</a>.</div>
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Use wget to download the tar ball of the latest stable version of LXC to your machine as shown below.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">wget </span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">http://linuxcontainers.org/downloads/lxc-1.1.5.tar.gz</span></span></pre>
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If you get a certificate related error message while using the above wget, then use the no-check-certificate option as shown below.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">wget --no-check-certificate</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;"> https://linuxcontainers.org/downloads/lxc-1.1.5.tar.gz</span></span></pre>
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Alternatively, if you prefer, you can also use git clone to download the latest development version or stable version as shown below.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">git clone</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;"> git://github.com/lxc/lxc -b {branch}</span></span></pre>
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In the above command, the {branch} can either be “master” for the current development branch, or “stable-1.0″ for the stable update branch of the 1.0 version.</div>
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<u><span style="color: #0b5394;">3. Configure Bridged Adapter</span></u></h3>
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Next, create a bridged adapter and configure the static IP on the bridged adapter as shown in the following ifcfg-eth0 example. Ensure your physical adapter points to this bridged adapter in ifcfg-eth0.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$</span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;"> cd /etc/sysconfig/</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">network-scripts</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">

</span></span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$</span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;"> vi </span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">ifcfg-br0</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">

DEVICE="br0"
BOOTPROTO="static"
IPADDR="xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx"
NETMASK="255.255.255.xxx"
ONBOOT="yes"
TYPE="Bridge"
NM_CONTROLLED="no"</span></span></pre>
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Replace all the “xxx” in the above file with the values that matches your ip-address and networkmask. For example, change the IPADDR value in the above file to the ip-address of your machine.</div>
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<u><span style="color: #0b5394;">4. Install LXC Linux Container</span></u></h3>
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Next, untar the LXC tar ball, that we downloaded earlier, execute the ./configure, and do make and make install, to install the LXC on your system as shown below.</div>
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By default, this will install all the lxc binaries under /usr/local/bin directory.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">tar xvfz </span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">lxc-1.1.5.tar.gz</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">

</span></span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">make && make install</span></span></pre>
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The following are few of the last few lines from the output for the above ./configure command.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">./configure
...
...
config.status: creating src/python-lxc/setup.py
config.status: creating src/lua-lxc/Makefile
config.status: executing depfiles commands
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">config.status: executing default commands
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">----------------------------
Environment:
 - compiler: gcc
 - distribution: <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">centos</a>
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;"> - init script type(s): sysvinit
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;"> - rpath: no
 - GnuTLS: no
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;"> - Bash integration: yes
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">Security features:
 - Apparmor: no
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;"> - Linux capabilities: yes
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;"> - seccomp: no
 - SELinux: no
 - cgmanager: no
Bindings:
 - lua: no
 - python3: no
Documentation:
 - examples: yes
 - API documentation: yes
 - user documentation: no
Debugging:
 - tests: no
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;"> - mutex debugging: no
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">Paths:
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;"> - Logs in configpath: no</span></span></pre>
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The following are the last few lines from the output for the above make command.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">make</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">
...
Building full member lists recursively...
Adding members to member groups.
...
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">Generating style sheet...
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">Generating index page...
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">Generating page index...
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">Generating example documentation...
Generating file sources...
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">Generating code for file /usr/save/lxc-1.1.5/src/lxc/attach_options.h...
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">Generating code for file /usr/save/lxc-1.1.5/src/lxc/lxccontainer.h...
Generating code for file /usr/save/lxc-1.1.5/src/lxc/lxclock.h...
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">Generating file documentation...
Generating docs for file /usr/save/lxc-1.1.5/src/lxc/attach_options.h...</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">
...
Generating file member index...
make[2]: Leaving directory `/usr/save/lxc-1.1.5/doc/api'
make[2]: Entering directory `/usr/save/lxc-1.1.5/doc'
...
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">Making all in hooks
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/save/lxc-1.1.5/hooks'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `all'</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">.
...</span></span></pre>
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The following are the last few lines from the output for the above make install command.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">make install</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">
...
Making install in hooks
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/save/lxc-1.1.5/hooks'
 /bin/mkdir -p '/usr/local/share/lxc/hooks'
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;"> /usr/bin/install -c clonehostname mountecryptfsroot ubuntu-cloud-prep squid-deb-proxy-client '/usr/local/share/lxc/hooks'
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">...
/bin/mkdir -p /usr/local/var/lib/lxc
/bin/mkdir -p /usr/local/var/cache/lxc
 /bin/mkdir -p '/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig'
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;"> /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 lxc.pc '/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig'
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">...</span></span></pre>
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<u><span style="color: #0b5394;">5. Create Soft Link for LXC Shared Libraries</span></u></h3>
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Execute lxc-info to verify that the LXC is installed successfully. If everything is installed properly, we’ll see a message saying that the give container name (for example, test) doesn’t exist. We have not created any container at this stage. We just want to make sure this command is not throwing any shared library related errors.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">lxc-info --name test</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">
test doesn't exist</span></span></pre>
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Depending on how things on configured on your system, you might also get the following liblxc.so.1 library related error message.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">lxc-info --name test
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">lxc-info: error while loading shared libraries: liblxc.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory</span></span></pre>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
In this case, to fix it, create a link called libxc.so.1 as shown below, which will point to the correct version of the liblxc.so.x.x.x file.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">ln -s </span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">/usr/local/lib/liblxc.so.1.1.5 /lib64/liblxc.so.1</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">

</span></span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">ls -l /lib64/liblxc.so.1
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 30 Jan 20 09:17 /lib64/liblxc.so.1 -> /usr/local/lib/liblxc.so.1.1.5</span></span></pre>
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<u><span style="color: #0b5394;">6. Verify LXC Setup and Configuration</span></u></h3>
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Next, you can also execute the lxc-checkconfig to verify that your lxc environment is setup correctly.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #111111; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
The following will have output in four different sections: 1) Namespaces, 2) Control Groups 3) Misc and 4) Checkpoint/Restore. Partial output is shown below.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.3em;">root@hackthesec:~$ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">lxc-checkconfig</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">
Kernel configuration not found at /proc/config.gz; searching...
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">Kernel configuration found at /boot/config-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">--- Namespaces ---
Namespaces: enabled
Utsname namespace: enabled
Ipc namespace: enabled
Pid namespace: enabled
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">User namespace: enabled
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">Network namespace: enabled
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">Multiple /dev/pts instances: enabled
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">--- Control groups ---
Cgroup: enabled
Cgroup namespace: enabled
Cgroup device: enabled
Cgroup sched: enabled
Cgroup cpu account: enabled
..
--- Misc ---
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">Veth pair device: enabled
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">Macvlan: enabled
Vlan: enabled
Bridges: enabled
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">Advanced netfilter: enabled
</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">..
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">--- Checkpoint/Restore ---
CONFIG_EVENTFD: enabled
CONFIG_EPOLL: enabled</span><span style="color: white; font-size: medium;">
..
Note : Before booting a new kernel, you can check its configuration
</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: medium;">usage : CONFIG=/path/to/config /usr/local/bin/lxc-checkconfig</span></span></pre>
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If everything is configured properly on your system, in the above output, all of the options in the above groups should say “enabled”.</div>
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