Hack The Sec-Leading Resource Of Linux Tutorial: Vagrant

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<u><span style="color: red;"><i>Vagrant on Linux to Create Virtual Dev Environment</i></span></u></h1>
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Vagrant is an open source tool used for creating a portable virtual environment.</div>
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Using Vagrant, developers and sysadmins can create any virtual environment instantly. Vagrant is extremely simple to use and configure.</div>
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Vagrant acts as central configuration repository for managing and deploying multiple reproducible virtual environments from a canned OS image with same configuration.<br />
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<span style="color: #0b5394;">1. Install Vagrant</span></h3>
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First, download the vagrant binaries for your OS from <a href="http://www.vagrantup.com/" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">VagrantUp</a>.</div>
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Currently it is available for MacOS, Windows, <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Debian" target="_blank">Debian </a>and <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/Centos" target="_blank">CentOS</a>.</div>
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For this tutorial, we downloaded the 64bit rpm for <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/search/label/centos7" target="_blank">centos</a>.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># </span><span style="color: lime;">wget </span><span style="color: white;">https://releases.hashicorp.com/</span><span style="color: lime;">vagrant</span><span style="color: white;">/1.8.1/</span><span style="color: lime;">vagrant_1.8.1_x86_64</span><span style="color: white;">.rpm</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3em;">
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Please note that vagrant is available on windows as well which means you can download and install vagrant and virtualbox on your windows machine and then run the vagrant commands to quickly build any available vagrant OS’es for your testing.</div>
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Install the downloaded file on your system using your systems appropriate package installer. Since i am installing this on CentOS.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime;"># rpm -ivh vagrant_1.8.1_x86_64.rpm
</span><span style="color: white;">Preparing...     ################# [100%]
   </span><span style="color: lime;">1:vagrant     ################# [100%]</span></span></span></pre>
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Verify that the vagrant package is installed successfully.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime;"># vagrant -v
</span><span style="color: white;">Vagrant 1.8.1</span></span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">2. Add a Vagrant Box</span></h3>
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The next step is to run “vagrant box add” command. In this example, I am using one of the predefined catalogs available on HashiCorp’s Atlas box catalog. This catalog has <a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/2016/01/how-to-install-linux-apache-mysql-and.html" target="_blank">LAMP </a>stack already configured on it.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># vagrant box add smallhadroncollider/centos-6.4-lamp
==> box: Loading metadata for box 'smallhadroncollider/centos-6.4-lamp'
</span><span style="color: lime;">    box: URL: https://atlas.hashicorp.com/smallhadroncollider/centos-6.4-lamp
</span><span style="color: white;">==> box: Adding box 'smallhadroncollider/centos-6.4-lamp' (v1.1) for provider: virtualbox
    box: Downloading: https://atlas.hashicorp.com/smallhadroncollider/boxes/centos-6.4-lamp/versions/1.1/providers/virtualbox.box
</span><span style="color: lime;">==> box: Successfully added box 'smallhadroncollider/centos-6.4-lamp' (v1.1) for 'virtualbox' !</span></span></span></pre>
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Verify that the vagrant box is successfully added using the following command. This will display all the vagrant boxes that are installed on our system. Currently we have only one box installed.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># vagrant box list
</span><span style="color: lime;">smallhadroncollider/centos-6.4-lamp (virtualbox, 1.1)</span></span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">3. Initialize Vagrant Box</span></h3>
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Now we are ready to initialize the new Vagrant environment by creating a vagrant file. vagrant status command displays the currently initialized vagrant environments. In this case since we do not have any machines initialized yet, vagrant status gives the below output.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime;"># vagrant status

</span><span style="color: white;">A Vagrant environment or target machine is required to run this
command. Run `vagrant init` to create a new Vagrant environment. Or,
get an ID of a target machine from `vagrant global-status` to run
this command on. A final option is to change to a directory with a
Vagrantfile and to try again.</span></span></span></pre>
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Now we can create a new directory and initialize the vagrant environment that we just downloaded, this will place a plain vagrantfile in the current working directory. You can change many of settings in this file, we can change things such as network configuration, shared folders, and puppet and chef details.</div>
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Just be aware a box restart will likely be required before changes take effect.</div>
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To learn more about configuration inside the vagrant file, you can refer the<a href="https://docs.vagrantup.com/v2/vagrantfile/version.html" style="color: #dd0000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">vagrant documentation</a>.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime;"># mkdir centos-6.4-lamp
</span><span style="color: white;">
# cd centos-6.4-lamp

# vagrant init smallhadroncollider/centos-6.4-lamp
A `Vagrantfile` has been placed in this directory. You are now
ready to `vagrant up` your first virtual environment! Please read
the comments in the Vagrantfile as well as documentation on
</span><span style="color: lime;">`vagrantup.com` for more information on using Vagrant.</span></span></span></pre>
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After you initialize vagrant box, you’ll see that it has created the following file under the current directory.</div>
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</span><span style="color: lime;">-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3017 Jan 27 18:29 Vagrantfile</span></span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">4. Provider Dependency</span></h3>
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Now if you to try to bring up the vagrant machine, you will see the below error. This is because the provider has not been installed yet on the machine. The provider can be usually Oracle Virtualbox, VMWARE, Hyper-V. Once you choose the provider, depending on OS platform install the respective rpm on the machine.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># vagrant up

No usable default provider could be found for your system.
Vagrant relies on interactions with 3rd party systems, known as
"providers", to provide Vagrant with resources to run development
</span><span style="color: lime;">environments. Examples are VirtualBox, VMware, Hyper-V.
The easiest solution to this message is to install VirtualBox, which
</span><span style="color: white;">is available for free on all major platforms.

If you believe you already have a provider available, make sure it
is properly installed and configured. You can see more details about
why a particular provider isn't working by forcing usage with
</span><span style="color: lime;">`vagrant up --provider=PROVIDER`, which should give you a more specific
</span><span style="color: white;">error message for that particular provider.</span></span></span></pre>
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Note: In my case, I have downloaded and installed Oracle Virtualbox. You need to have one of the virtualization provider installed on your machine for this to work. </div>
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Once a provider (Oracle virtualbox, VMWare, etc.) is installed, try to bring up the virtual environment using “vagrant up” as shown below, you can also setup your public network and any other software packages needs to be included or any other configurations in the vagrant file and bring up the virtual machine.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># </span><span style="color: lime;">vagrant up</span><span style="color: white;">
Bringing machine 'default' up with '</span><span style="color: lime;">virtualbox</span><span style="color: white;">' provider...
==> default: Importing base box 'smallhadroncollider/centos-6.4-lamp'...
==> default: Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
==> default: Checking if box 'smallhadroncollider/centos-6.4-lamp' is up to date...
</span><span style="color: lime;">==> default: Setting the name of the VM: centos-64-lamp_default_1419728026285_91788
</span><span style="color: white;">==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
</span><span style="color: lime;">==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
</span><span style="color: white;">    default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 => 2222 (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
</span><span style="color: lime;">    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
</span><span style="color: white;">...
...</span></span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">5. Start and Stop Vagrant</span></h3>
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The vagrant status command displays the current status of the virtual machine.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># </span><span style="color: lime;">vagrant </span><span style="color: white;">status
Current machine states:
default                   running (virtualbox)

The VM is running. To stop this VM, you can run `vagrant halt` to
shut it down forcefully, or you can run `vagrant suspend` to simply
suspend the virtual machine. In either case, to restart it again,
simply run `vagrant up`.</span></span></span></pre>
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To halt or shutdown a virtual environment for making changes, use the “vagrant halt” command as shown below,</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># </span><span style="color: lime;">vagrant halt</span><span style="color: white;">
==> default: Attempting graceful shutdown of VM...
    default: Guest communication could not be established! This is usually because
    default: SSH is not running, the authentication information was changed,
    default: or some other networking issue. Vagrant will force halt, if
    default: capable.
==> default: Forcing shutdown of VM...</span></span></span></pre>
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Now if you check the status again, you’ll notice that it says “poweroff” as shown below.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># vagrant </span><span style="color: lime;">status</span><span style="color: white;">
Current machine states:
default                   poweroff (virtualbox)
The VM is powered off. To restart the VM, simply run `vagrant up`</span></span></span></pre>
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To start the Vagrant again, use the following:</div>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">6. Login to Vagrant Virtual Machine</span></h3>
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To SSH in to the vagrant virtual machine, you use the vagrant SSH command as shown below.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: lime;"># vagrant ssh
</span><span style="color: white;">vagrant@vagrant-centos-6.4-lamp$</span></span></span></pre>
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In order to display the SSH config on the vagrant environment, you can use the below command. You can set any of the values in the Vagrantfile if you need to modify it.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># vagrant </span><span style="color: lime;">ssh-config</span><span style="color: white;">
Host default
  HostName 127.0.0.1
  User vagrant
  Port 2222
  UserKnownHostsFile /dev/null
  StrictHostKeyChecking no
  PasswordAuthentication no
  IdentityFile /root/.vagrant.d/insecure_private_key
  IdentitiesOnly yes
  LogLevel FATAL
  ForwardAgent yes</span></span></span></pre>
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<span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">7. Reload Vagrant</span></h3>
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Whenever you make any changes to the Vagrantfile, you can reload the configuration using “vagrant reload” command. This will reboot your virtual environment.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># </span><span style="color: lime;">vagrant reload</span><span style="color: white;">
==> default: Attempting graceful shutdown of VM...
    default: Guest communication could not be established! This is usually because
    default: SSH is not running, the authentication information was changed,
    default: or some other networking issue. Vagrant will force halt, if
    default: capable.
==> default: Forcing shutdown of VM...
==> default: Checking if box 'smallhadroncollider/centos-6.4-lamp' is up to date...
==> default: Clearing any previously set forwarded ports...
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
    default: Adapter 2: hostonly
    default: Adapter 3: bridged
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 => 2222 (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
...
...</span></span></span></pre>
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To destroy the vagrant machine after all your testing is completed, you can run the following command.</div>
<pre style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(60, 60, 60); border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 15.6px;"><span style="color: white;"># </span><span style="color: lime;">vagrant</span><span style="color: white;"> destroy</span></span></span></pre>
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This will remove all the disks allocated to the VM, but the Vagrantfile will be still there.</div>
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 If you want to rebuild the virtual environment with the same configuration, you can still use the Vagrantfile, that was created initially when you did the initialization.<br /><a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></div>
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