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How to Find Out Top Directories and Files (Disk Space) in Linux

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Find Out Top Directories and Files (Disk Space) in Linux</h1>
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As a Linux administrator, you must periodically check which files and folders are consuming more disk space. It is very necessary to find the unnecessary junks and free up them from your hard disk.2. List Files Based on Last Access Time</div>
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This brief tutorial describes how to find the largest files and folders in the Linux file system using du and find command. If you want to learn more about these two commands, then head over to the following articles 
 
How to Find Biggest Files and Directories in Linux</div>
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Run the following command to find out top biggest directories under <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">/home</code> partition. 
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># du -a /home | sort -n -r | head -n 5</pre>
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Example:-- 
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">root@hackthesec:/home/hackthesec# du -a /home | sort -n -r | head -n 5</pre>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">22302276 /home
22301772 /home/hackthesec
11271352 /home/hackthesec/Downloads
4623604 /home/hackthesec/Desktop
3287836 /home/hackthesec/.thunderbird-trunk</pre>
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The above command displays the biggest 5 directories of my /home partition.</div>
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Find Largest Directories in Linux</div>
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If you want to display the biggest directories in the current working directory, run: 
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># du -a | sort -n -r | head -n 5</pre>
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Let us break down the command and see what says each parameter.</div>
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<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">a</code> : Displays all files and folders.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sort</code> command : Sort lines of text files.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-n</code> : Compare according to string numerical value.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-r</code> : Reverse the result of comparisons.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">head</code> :Output the first part of files.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-n</code> : Print the first ‘n’ lines. (In our case, We displayed first 5 lines).</li>
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Some of you would like to display the above result in human readable format. i.e you might want to display the largest files in KB, MB, or GB. 
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># du -hs * | sort -rh | head -5</pre>
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The above command will show the top directories, which are eating up more disk space. If you feel that some directories are not important, you can simply delete few sub-directories or delete the entire folder to free up some space. 
 
To display the largest folders/files including the sub-directories, run: 
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># du -Sh | sort -rh | head -5</pre>
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Find out the meaning of each options using in above command:</div>
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<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">du</code> Command: Estimate file space usage.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-h</code> : Print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 10MB).</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-S</code> : Do not include size of subdirectories.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-s</code> : Display only a total for each argument.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sort</code> command : sort lines of text files.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-r</code> : Reverse the result of comparisons.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">-h</code> : Compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K, 1G).</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">head</code> : Output the first part of files.</li>
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Find Out Top File Sizes Only<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If you want to display the biggest file sizes only, then run the following command: 
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># find -type f -exec du -Sh {} + | sort -rh | head -n 5</pre>
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To find the largest files in a particular location, just include the path besides the <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">find</code> command: 
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># find /home/hackthesec/Downloads/ -type f -exec du -Sh {} + | sort -rh | head -n 5</pre>
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The above command will display the largest file from                 <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: georgia, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">/home/hackthesec/Downloads</code> directory. 
 
<a href="http://www.hackthesec.co.in/">www.hackthesec.co.in</a></div>
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How to Find Out Top Directories and Files (Disk Space) in Linux

Find Out Top Directories and Files (Disk Space) in Linux As a Linux administrator, you must periodically check which files and folders a...

How to Restrict SFTP Users to Home Directories Using chroot Jail

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How to Restrict SFTP Users to Home Directories Using chroot Jail</h1>
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In this tutorial, we will be discussing how to restrict SFTP users to their home directories or specific directories. It means the user can only access his/her respective home directory, not the entire file system.</div>
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Restricting users home directories is vital, especially in a shared server environment, so that an unauthorized user won’t sneak peek into the other user’s files and folders. 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpkRS-6DEZ7fc56wNqe6ia0AeVQwhaU3pUz5p-Dxa97gM5oAlSs85bvDN3WftyJFPqEYK9wTec2BBAis0Y1tjlSb5n1bivw5lffCMNthPBmapB-JnLIHz-mcmdpAq9Sa4THTjBNnf_fE/s1600/sftp_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpkRS-6DEZ7fc56wNqe6ia0AeVQwhaU3pUz5p-Dxa97gM5oAlSs85bvDN3WftyJFPqEYK9wTec2BBAis0Y1tjlSb5n1bivw5lffCMNthPBmapB-JnLIHz-mcmdpAq9Sa4THTjBNnf_fE/s1600/sftp_www.hackthesec.co.in.png" /></a></div>
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Important: Please also note that the purpose of this article is to provide SFTP access only, not SSH logins, by following this article will have the permissions to do file transfer, but not allowed to do a remote SSH session.</div>
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The simplest way to do this, is to create a chrooted jail environment for SFTP access. This method is same for all Unix/Linux operating systems. Using chrooted environment, we can restrict users either to their home directory or to a specific directory.</div>
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Restrict Users to Home Directories</h3>
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In this section, we will create new group called sftpgroup and assign correct ownership and permissions to user accounts. There are two choices to restrict users to home or specific directories, we will see both way in this article.</div>
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Create or Modify Users and Groups</h4>
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Let us restrict the existing user, for example <code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">hacktesec</code>, to his/her home directory named <code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">/home/</code>hacktesec. For this, you need to create a new sftpgroup group using groupadd command as shown:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># groupadd sftpgroup
</pre>
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Next, assign the user ‘hacktesec’ to sftpgroup group.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># usermod -G sftpgroup hackthesec
</pre>
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You can also create a new user using useradd command, for example <code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">senthil</code> and assign the user tosftpusers group.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># adduser senthil -g sftpgroup -s /sbin/nologin
# passwd hackthesec
</pre>
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Modify SSH Configuration File</h4>
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Open and add the following lines to <code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code> configuration file.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">Subsystem sftp internal-sftp
 
 Match Group sftpgroup
 ChrootDirectory /home
 ForceCommand internal-sftp
 X11Forwarding no
 AllowTcpForwarding no
</pre>
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Save and exit the file, restart sshd service to take new changes into effect.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># systemctl restart sshd
OR
# service sshd restart
</pre>
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If you chroot multiple users to the same directory, you should change the permissions of each user’s home directory in order to prevent all users to browse the home directories of the each other users.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># chmod 700 /home/hackthesec
</pre>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="#verifysftp" style="-webkit-transition-duration: 0.2s; -webkit-transition-timing-function: ease; border: 0px; color: #3b8dbd; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-timing-function: ease; vertical-align: baseline;"></a>Verify SSH and SFTP Users Login</h4>
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Now, it’s time to check the login from a local system. Try to ssh your remote system from your local system.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># ssh hackthesec@192.168.1.150
</pre>
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Here,</div>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 15px 30px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">hacktesec – remote system’s username.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">192.168.1.150 – Remote system’s IP address.</li>
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Sample output:</h5>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">hackthesec@192.168.1.150's password: 
Could not chdir to home directory /home/hackthesec: No such file or directory
This service allows sftp connections only.
Connection to 192.168.1.150 closed.
</pre>
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Then, access remote system using SFTP.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># sftp hackthesec@192.168.1.150
</pre>
<h5 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #444444; font-stretch: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 0px 14px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
Sample output:</h5>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">hackthesec@192.168.1.150's password: 
Connected to 192.168.1.150.
sftp>
</pre>
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Let us check the current working directory:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">sftp&gt pwd
Remote working directory: /

sftp&gt mkdir test
hackthesec 
</pre>
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Restrict Users to a Specific Directory</h3>
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In our previous example, we restrict the existing users to the home directory. Now, we will see how to restrict a new user to a custom directory.</div>
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Create Group and New Users</h4>
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Create a new group <code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sftpgroup</code>.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># groupadd sftpgroup
</pre>
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Next, create a directory for SFTP group and assign permissions for the root user.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># mkdir -p /sftpusers/chroot
# chown root:root /sftpusers/chroot/
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Next, create new directories for each user, to which they will have full access. For example, we will create hackthesec user and it’s new home directory with correct group permission using following series of commands.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># adduser hackthesec -g sftpgroup -s /sbin/nologin
# passwd hackthesec
# mkdir /sftpusers/chroot/hackthesec
# chown hackthesec:sftpgroup /sftpusers/chroot/hackthesec/
# chmod 700 /sftpusers/chroot/hackthesec/
</pre>
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Configure SSH for SFTP Access</h4>
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Modify or add the following lines at the end of the file:</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">#Subsystem sftp /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server
Subsystem sftp internal-sftp
 
Match Group sftpgroup
 ChrootDirectory /sftpusers/chroot/
 ForceCommand internal-sftp
 X11Forwarding no
 AllowTcpForwarding no
</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #272727; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28.7999992370605px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Save and exit the file. Restart sshd service to take effect the saved changes.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"># systemctl restart sshd
OR
# service sshd restart
</pre>
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That’s it, you can check by logging into the your remote SSH and SFTP server by using the step provided above at Verify SSH and SFTP login.</div>
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Be mindful that this method will disable the shell access, i.e you can’t access the remote system’s shell session using SSH. You can only access the remote systems via SFTP and do file transfer to and from the local and remote systems.</div>
</div>

How to Restrict SFTP Users to Home Directories Using chroot Jail

How to Restrict SFTP Users to Home Directories Using chroot Jail In this tutorial, we will be discussing how to restrict SFTP users to...

How to Find and Sort Files Based on Modification Date and Time in Linux

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Find and Sort Files Based on Modification Date and Time in Linux</h1>
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Usually, we are in habit of saving a lot of information in form of files on our system. Some, hidden files, some kept in a separate folder created for our ease of understanding, while some as it is. But, this whole stuff fills our directories; usually desktop, making it look like a mess. But, the problem arises when we need to search for a particular file modified on particular date and time in this huge collection. 
 
People comfortable with GUI’s can find it using File Manager, which lists files in long listing format, making it easy to figure out what we wanted, but those users having habit of black screens, or even anyone working on servers which are devoid of GUI’s would want a simple command or set of commands that could ease out their search. 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgaDHMxLVbKkekSaxSOCOHR6OfuYBwB4Bm4OaAeVZSBRy4XqzmGC4czDQ93uBtVjDezSognHDDNUlUilGN3vXmEc9i9ZSm3TtySISLzJk0qxw5r2tXGYjJx7rwiYq3tq5-2JnlCZoU15I/s1600/find_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgaDHMxLVbKkekSaxSOCOHR6OfuYBwB4Bm4OaAeVZSBRy4XqzmGC4czDQ93uBtVjDezSognHDDNUlUilGN3vXmEc9i9ZSm3TtySISLzJk0qxw5r2tXGYjJx7rwiYq3tq5-2JnlCZoU15I/s1600/find_www.hackthesec.co.in.jpg" /></a></div>
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Real beauty of Linux shows here, as Linux has a collection of commands which if used separately or together can help to search for a file, or sort a collection of files according to their name, date of modification, time of creation, or even any filter you could think of applying to get your result. 
 
Here, we will unveil the real strength of Linux by examining a set of commands which can help sorting a file or even a list of files by Date and Time. 
 
Linux Utilities to Sort Files in Linux</div>
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<div>
Some basic Linux command line utilities that are just sufficient for sorting a directory based on Date and Time are: 
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">ls command</pre>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
ls – Listing contents of directory, this utility can list the files and directories and can even list all the status information about them including: date and time of modification or access, permissions, size, owner, group etc. 
<pre style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #3c3c3c; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid rgb(229, 229, 229); margin-bottom: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">sort command</pre>
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sort – This command can be used to sort the output of any search just by any field or any particular column of the field. 
 
These commands are in themselves very powerful commands to master if you work on black screens and have to deal with lots of files, just to get the one you want. 
 
Some Ways to Sort Files using Date and Time 
Below are the list of commands to sort based on Date and Time. 
 
1. List Files Based on Modification Time</div>
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The below command lists files in long listing format, and sorts files based on modification time, newest first. To sort in reverse order, use <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">'-r'</code> switch with this command.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># ls -lt

total 673768
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 3312130 Jan 19 15:24 When You Are Gone.MP3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 4177212 Jan 19 15:24 When I Dream At Night - Marc Anthony-1.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 4177212 Jan 19 15:24 When I Dream At Night - Marc Anthony.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 6629090 Jan 19 15:24 Westlife_Tonight.MP3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 3448832 Jan 19 15:24 We Are The World by USA For Africa (Michael Jackson).mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 8580934 Jan 19 15:24 This Love.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 2194832 Jan 19 15:24 The Cross Of Changes.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 5087527 Jan 19 15:24 T.N.T. For The Brain 5.18.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 3437100 Jan 19 15:24 Summer Of '69.MP3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 4360278 Jan 19 15:24 Smell Of Desire.4.32.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 4582632 Jan 19 15:24 Silence Must Be Heard 4.46.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 4147119 Jan 19 15:24 Shadows In Silence 4.19.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 4189654 Jan 19 15:24 Sarah Brightman & Enigma - Eden (remix).mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 4124421 Jan 19 15:24 Sade - Smooth Operator.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 4771840 Jan 19 15:24 Sade - And I Miss You.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 3749477 Jan 19 15:24 Run To You.MP3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 7573679 Jan 19 15:24 Roger Sanchez_Another Chance_Full_Mix.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 3018211 Jan 19 15:24 Principal Of Lust.3.08.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 5688390 Jan 19 15:24 Please Forgive Me.MP3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 3381827 Jan 19 15:24 Obvious.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 5499073 Jan 19 15:24 Namstey-London-Viraaniya.mp3
-rwxr----- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 3129210 Jan 19 15:24 MOS-Enya - Only Time (Pop Radio mix).m</pre>
</div>
<div>
<div>
2. List Files Based on Last Access Time 
Listing of files in directory based on last access time, i.e. based on time the file was last accessed, not modified.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># ls -ltu

total 3084272
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:24 Music
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Linux-ISO
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Music-Player
drwx------ 3 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 tor-browser_en-US
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 bin
drwxr-xr-x 11 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Android Games
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Songs
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 renamefiles
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 katoolin-master
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Tricks
drwxr-xr-x 3 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 Linux-Tricks
drwxr-xr-x 6 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 tuptime
drwxr-xr-x 4 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 xdm
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 20480 Jan 19 15:22 ffmpeg usage
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:22 xdm-helper
</pre>
</div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
3. List Files Based on Last Modification Time 
Listing of files in directory based on last modification time of file’s status information, or the <code style="background: none 0px 0px repeat scroll rgb(246, 246, 248); border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: 'courier 10 pitch', courier, monospace; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">'ctime'</code>. This command would list that file first whose any status information like: owner, group, permissions, size etc has been recently changed.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># ls -ltc

total 3084272
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 15:24 Music
drwxr-xr-x 2 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 13:05 img
-rw------- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 262191 Jan 19 12:15 hackthesec.jpeg
drwxr-xr-x 5 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 19 10:57 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x 7 hackthesec hackthesec 12288 Jan 18 16:00 Downloads
drwxr-xr-x 13 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 18 15:36 VirtualBox VMs
-rwxr-xr-x 1 hackthesec hackthesec 691 Jan 13 14:57 special.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 654325 Jan 4 16:55 powertop-2.7.tar.gz.save
-rw-r--r-- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 654329 Jan 4 11:17 filename.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 3 hackthesec hackthesec 4096 Jan 4 11:04 powertop-2.7
-rw-r--r-- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 447795 Dec 31 14:22 Happy-New-Year-2016.jpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 12 Dec 18 18:46 ravi
-rw-r--r-- 1 hackthesec hackthesec 1823 Dec 16 12:45 setuid.txt </pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If  <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">'-a'</code> switch is used with above commands, they can list and sort even the hidden files in current directory, and. <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">'-r'</code> switch lists the output in reverse order. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
For more in-depth sorting, like sorting on Output of find command, however  <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ls</code> can also be used, but there  <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">'sort'</code> proves more helpful as the output may not have only file name but any fields desired by user. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Below commands show usage of <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sort</code> with <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">find</code> command to sort the list of files based on Date and Time. 
4. Sorting Files based on Month</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Here, we use <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">find</code> command to find all files in root <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(‘/’)</code> and then print the result as: Month in which file was accessed and then filename. Of that complete result, here we list out top 11 entries.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># find / -type f -printf "\n%Ab %p" | head -n 11

Dec /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install
Dec /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0
Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0
Apr /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2
Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0
Apr /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15
Dec /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts
Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr
Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn
Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn </pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The below command sorts the output using key as first field, specified by<code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">'-k1'</code> and then it sorts on Month as specified by <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">'M'</code> ahead of it.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># find / -type f -printf "\n%Ab %p" | head -n 11 | sort -k1M

Apr /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15
Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0
Apr /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0
Apr /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2
Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr
Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn
Nov /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn
Dec /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0
Dec /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts
Dec /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
5. Sort Files Based on Date 
Here, again we use  <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">find</code> command to find all the files in root directory, but now we will print the result as: last date the file was accessed, last time the file was accessed and then filename. Of that we take out top 11 entries.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># find / -type f -printf "\n%AD %AT %p" | head -n 11

12/08/15 11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install
12/07/15 10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0
04/11/15 06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0
04/11/15 06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2
04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0
04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15
12/18/15 11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts
11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr
11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn
11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn </pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The below sort command first sorts on basis of last digit of the year, then sorts on basis of last digit of month in reverse order and finally sorts on basis of first field. Here, '1.8' means 8th column of first field and ‘n’ ahead of it means numerical sort, while 'r' indicates reverse order sorting.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># find / -type f -printf "\n%AD %AT %p" | head -n 11 | sort -k1.8n -k1.1nr -k1

12/07/15 10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0
12/08/15 11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install
12/18/15 11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts
11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr
11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn
11/12/15 12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn
04/11/15 06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0
04/11/15 06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2
04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15
04/11/15 06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Here,again we use <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">find</code> command to list out top 11 files in root directory and print the result in format: last time file was accessed and then filename.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># find / -type f -printf "\n%AT %p" | head -n 11

11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install
10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0
06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0
06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2
06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0
06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15
11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts
12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr
12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn
12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn </pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The below command sorts the output based on first column of the first field of the output which is first digit of hour.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># find / -type f -printf "\n%AT %p" | head -n 11 | sort -k1.1n

06:08:34.9819910430 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMCPro.so.1.0.0
06:08:34.9939910430 /usr/lib/libt1.so.5.1.2
06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libcdr-0.0.so.0.0.15
06:08:35.0099910420 /usr/lib/libchromeXvMC.so.1.0.0
10:34:45.2694776230 /usr/lib/libcpufreq.so.0.0.0
11:19:25.2656728990 /usr/lib/msttcorefonts/update-ms-fonts
11:30:38.0000000000 /usr/lib/nvidia/pre-install
12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf32_x86_64.xr
12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/elf_i386.xbn
12:56:34.0000000000 /usr/lib/ldscripts/i386linux.xn</pre>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
7. Sorting Ouptut of ls -l based on Date 
This command sorts the output of <code style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f6f6f8; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(158, 158, 159); color: #3b5999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 2px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">'ls -l'</code> command based on 6th field month wise, then based on 7th field which is date, numerically.</div>
<pre style="background-color: #051e30; border-color: rgb(40, 159, 244); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; color: white; font-family: 'Courier 10 Pitch', Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; color: yellow; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"># ls -l | sort -k6M -k7n

total 116
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 1 19:51 backup.tgz
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 7 15:27 Desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15853 Oct 7 15:19 powertop_report.csv
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 79112 Oct 7 15:25 powertop.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 16 15:26 file3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13 Oct 16 15:17 B
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 21 Oct 16 15:16 A
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 64 Oct 16 15:38 C</pre>
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Conclusion 
Likewise, by having some knowledge of sort command, you can sort almost any listing based on any field and even its any column you desire. These were some of tricks to help you sort files based on Date or Time. You can have your own tricks build based on these. However, if you have any other interesting trick, you can always mention that in your comments. 
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How to Find and Sort Files Based on Modification Date and Time in Linux

Find and Sort Files Based on Modification Date and Time in Linux Usually, we are in habit of saving a lot of information in form of fil...